肠道微生物和宿主肠道干细胞互作机制的研究进展

Advances in the interaction mechanisms between gut microbiota and host intestinal stem cells

摘要:

肠黏膜上皮细胞种类和数量的稳定维持着肠道形态和功能的正常，而肠道上皮细胞稳态依赖位于隐窝处肠道干细胞(intestinal stem cells, ISCs)的不断增殖、分化和迁移。肠道共生微生物与ISCs相互作用，共同维持肠道生态稳定。ISCs分化形成的肠上皮细胞(intestinal epithelial cells, IECs)通过分泌免疫球蛋白、黏蛋白等调控肠道微生物的组成与功能。肠道共生微生物通过微生物相关分子模式(如脂磷壁酸、脂多糖)及微生物代谢物(如短链脂肪酸、胆汁酸)等构成了独特的肠道微环境，进而调控宿主ISCs功能及成熟细胞亚群稳态。基于肠道微生物靶向调控宿主ISCs功能以维护肠道健康已成为当前的研究热点。因此，本文重点阐述ISCs对肠道微生物区系的影响，以及肠道微生物及其代谢物对宿主ISCs增殖分化命运的调控作用，以期加深对肠道微生物和宿主ISCs相互作用的理解，为肠道功能及健康的调控提供理论参考。

Abstract:

The gut structure and functional performance rely on the stable type and quantity of gut mucosal epithelial cells, whose stability depends on continuous proliferation, differentiation, and migration of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located in the crypts. Interactions between gut microbiota and ISCs support the homeostasis of the gut ecosystem. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) differentiated from ISCs influence the composition and function of gut microbiota through secreting immunoglobulins, mucins, etc. Meanwhile, the microorganism-associated molecular patterns (such as lipoteichoic acid and lipopolysaccharides) and metabolites (such as short-chain fatty acids and bile acids) from gut microbiota form the unique gut microenvironment to regulate the activity of ISCs and the homeostasis of IECs. Regulating the activity of ISCs and gut health by modifying gut microbiota has become a focus of current research. Thus, this review elaborates on the impact of ISCs on the gut microbiota as well as the regulatory roles of gut microbiota and related metabolites on the proliferation and differentiation fate of ISCs, aiming to broaden the understanding of the interaction between gut microbiota and ISCs. It is expected to provide strategies and targets for the regulation on gut health.