昆虫肠道乳酸菌多样性、功能及应用研究进展

Research progress in the diversity, functions, and applications of lactic acid bacteria in insect guts

摘要:

乳酸菌作为一类重要的益生菌，在昆虫肠道微生态系统中发挥着关键作用。本文综述了膜翅目(Hymenoptera)、双翅目(Diptera)、鞘翅目(Coleoptera)、半翅目(Hemiptera)、鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)、蜚蠊目(Blattodea)和直翅目(Orthoptera)等重要昆虫类群中肠道乳酸菌的物种组成、生态功能及应用价值。目前已从昆虫肠道中成功鉴定出的乳酸菌包括乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、乳球菌属(Lactococcus)、明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc)、片球菌属(Pediococcus)、肠球菌属(Enterococcus)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)和魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)等。昆虫肠道乳酸菌群落结构受宿主系统发育背景、食性特征、发育阶段、肠道微环境及外界生态因子的综合调控。昆虫肠道乳酸菌不仅可通过分泌胞外酶协助宿主降解难分解的复合物，还能通过合成细菌素等抗菌物质抑制病原菌、调节宿主免疫应答，促进宿主生长发育并调控其行为，参与外源有毒物质的代谢解毒过程，进而提升昆虫的生存适应能力。此外，昆虫源乳酸菌在资源昆虫养殖、害虫绿色防控、农业废弃物高值转化与生物制造等方面也展现出应用潜力。综上，昆虫肠道是发掘与分离新型乳酸菌资源的重要来源。

Abstract:

As a crucial group of probiotics, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play a vital role in the gut microbial ecosystem of insects. This article comprehensively reviewed the species composition, ecological functions, and practical values of LAB in the guts of major insect orders, including Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Blattodea, and Orthoptera. To date, multiple LAB genera including Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, and Weissella were successfully identified from insect guts. The community composition of these bacteria was shaped by factors such as host phylogeny, dietary traits, developmental stages, gut microenvironment, and external ecological conditions. The LAB in insect guts not only assist the hosts in degrading recalcitrant complexes by secreting extracellular enzymes but also inhibit pathogens through the synthesis of antimicrobial substances such as bacteriocins. Additionally, they modulate host immune responses, promote growth and development, regulate host behavior, and participate in the metabolic detoxification of xenobiotics, thereby enhancing host survival and adaptability. Furthermore, insect-derived LAB held great potential in the production of resource insects, pest management, agricultural waste utilization, and green manufacturing. In summary, insect guts represent an important reservoir for the discovery and isolation of novel LAB.