胃肠道微生物群落的定殖规律及其溯源技术研究进展

Assembly rules of the gut microbiota and source tracking technologies

摘要:

胃肠道微生物在宿主营养代谢、免疫调节和肠道屏障功能等方面发挥关键作用，因此解析胃肠道微生物的来源、定殖规律及动态演变过程，对宿主健康调控具有重要意义。本文全面回顾了胃肠道微生物群落组成的多样性和功能的多样性，重点探讨其起源与传递途径，特别强调垂直传播中母婴传递和父系遗传对群落结构及功能的影响。此外，梳理了生命各阶段的定殖规律，并总结归纳了分娩方式、哺乳、抗生素暴露等关键因子在群落组装过程中的影响。最后，整合了微生物组测序技术和常见的微生物溯源技术，为未来精准调控微生物、实现以健康为导向的胃肠道微生态重建提供科学依据和新的思路。

Abstract:

Understanding the source, colonization rules, and dynamic evolution process of the gut microbiota is of significant importance for regulating host health, given its crucial role in nutrient metabolism, immune regulation, and intestinal barrier function. This article comprehensively reviews the composition and functions of the gut microbiota and explores the origins and transmission pathways, with a particular focus on the effects of maternal-infant transmission and paternal inheritance on the structure and functions of the gut microbiota. We chart microbial assembly across pivotal life stages, distill the driving factors involved in the community assembly process, and critically appraise the advances in metagenomic and source-tracking toolkits. The review provides an integrated framework for microbiome-targeted strategies aimed at reconstructing a health-oriented gut ecosystem.