微生物分离筛选技术的前沿进展

Advances in microbial isolation and screening technologies

摘要:

微生物是地球上最大的未开发资源宝库，其分离培养技术的进步是生命科学领域取得关键突破的前提。本文聚焦细菌、真菌与古菌分离筛选技术的研究进展，系统阐释了前沿分离筛选技术的发展与应用，以及提高难培养及稀有微生物分离效率的方法。通过总结3类微生物的特异性分离筛选策略：细菌采用多组学靶向与单细胞精确定位技术、真菌运用代谢组学导向与微流控技术、古菌借助共培养与极端条件培养等技术，揭示了跨学科技术融合在连接基因组数据与原位功能验证中的核心价值。最后，本文前瞻性地提出了技术在数据整合与自动化闭环构建方面面临的挑战，为系统性发掘微生物资源指明了发展路径。

Abstract:

Microorganisms represent the largest untapped resource reservoir on the Earth, and breakthroughs in their isolation and cultivation are prerequisites for fundamental advances in the life sciences. This review focuses on recent progress in the isolation and screening technologies for bacteria, fungi, and archaea. It systematically elucidates how the development and application of cutting-edge isolation and screening technologies have enhanced the efficiency of isolating previously uncultivable and rare microbial taxa. By summarizing lineage-specific strategies—such as multi-omics targeting and single-cell precision localization for bacteria, metabolomics-guided screening and microfluidic technology for fungi, and co-culture systems coupled with extreme-condition cultivation for archaea—this review highlights the core value of interdisciplinary technology integration in bridging genomic data with in situ functional validation. Finally, the article prospectively addresses challenges in data integration and the construction of automated workflows, thereby outlining a strategic pathway for the systematic exploration of microbial resources.