高盐环境微生物代谢产物的研究进展

Research progress in metabolites of microorganisms in high-salt environments

摘要:

高盐环境微生物(包括嗜盐菌和耐盐菌)广泛分布于盐湖、海洋及盐渍土等极端生境，因其独特的代谢适应机制而成为结构新颖天然产物的重要来源。本文概述了其分类地位与生态分布，重点总结了初级代谢产物中四氢嘧啶、甘氨酸甜菜碱等相容性溶质的化学结构，以及它们在渗透压调节和生物大分子保护中的核心作用；系统梳理了次级代谢产物中生物碱、萜类、甾体及聚酮类化合物的结构类型，归纳了这些化合物所展现的抗菌、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、酶抑制及光保护等生物活性，并探讨了构效关系。基于代谢产物的独特性质，分析了其在医药健康、生物材料、环境修复等领域的应用前景，为高盐环境微生物资源的深度开发及新型生物活性分子的研发提供理论参考。

Abstract:

Microorganisms in high-salt environments (including halophilic and halotolerant bacteria) are widely distributed in extreme habitats such as salt lakes, oceans, and saline soils. Due to their unique metabolic adaptation mechanisms, they have become an important source of structurally novel natural products. This article outlines their taxonomic status and ecological distribution, with a focus on summarizing the chemical structures of compatible solutes such as ectoine and glycine betaine among primary metabolites, and their core roles in osmotic pressure regulation and biomacromolecule protection. The structural types of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, and polyketides, are systematically reviewed. Furthermore, this article summarizes the biological activities such as antibacterial, antitumor, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and photoprotective effects and discusses the structure-activity relationships of secondary metabolites. Considering the unique properties of these metabolites, this article analyzes their application prospects in fields such as medicine and health, biomaterials, and environmental remediation. This review aims to provide a theoretical reference for the in-depth development of microbial resources in high-salt environments and the discovery of novel bioactive molecules.