二硫吡咯酮类抗生素的生物合成与代谢工程应用

Biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of dithiolopyrrolone-A review

摘要:

二硫吡咯酮类抗生素是一类具有独特的吡咯酮二硫杂环戊二烯(4H-[1,2] 二硫 [4,3-b] 吡咯-5-酮)骨架的化合物的总称。基于N-7位酰基侧链的不同以及N-4位是否含有甲基,可分为N-methyl-Nacylpyrrothine、N-acylpyrrothine和thiomarinols等类别。迄今为止,已有27种该类化合物被报道,重要代表包括全霉素(holomycin)、硫藤黄菌素(thiolutin)、金霉素(aureothricin)以及最近发现的thiomarinols。就生物活性而言,二硫吡咯酮类抗生素具有广谱的抗细菌活性,对多种微生物,包括革兰氏阴性菌、革兰氏阳性菌以及寄生虫都有较好的杀灭活性。甚至一些二硫吡咯酮衍生物表现出较强的抗肿瘤活性。近几年来,多个二硫吡咯酮类抗生素的生物合成基因簇相继被报道,其生物合成机理也逐步被阐明。本文将针对目前国内外二硫吡咯酮类抗生素的生物合成研究进展,以及在组合生物合成与代谢工程领域所取得的成果进行综述,旨在为通过合成生物学的方法创造结构新颖、高效低毒的“非天然”二硫吡咯酮类化合物提供理论借鉴。

Abstract:

Dithiolopyrrolones are a family of antibiotics that possess the unique pyrrolinonodithiole (4H-[1, 2] dithiolo [4, 3-b] pyrrol-5-one) skeleton. This family of natural products can be divided into three subfamilies: N-methyl-Nacylpyrrothine, N-acylpyrrothine and thiomarinols. So far, more than 27 members of this group of natural products have been reported including the well-known antibiotics holomycin, thiolutin, aureothricin and recently isolated thiomarinols. Dithiolopyrrolones exhibit relatively broad-spectrum antibiotic activities against many Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and parasites. Some dithiolopyrrolones even have antitumor activities. In recent years, several dithiolopyrrolone biosynthetic gene clusters have been reported and their biosynthetic mechanisms have also been intensively studied. This review will give an overview about the biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of the dithiolopyrrolone natural products, and provides references to guide the creation of hybrid "unnatural" dithiolopyrrolones with better bioactivity and low toxicity by synthetic biology.