获取有机物厌氧降解产甲烷过程中关键功能类群——互营细菌培养物

Key players involved in methanogenic degradation of organic compounds: progress on the cultivation of syntrophic bacteria

摘要:

互营代谢是微生物之间的重要种间互作关系之一，参与互营代谢的微生物广泛存在于土壤、淡水和海水沉积物、厌氧消化反应器、动物肠道和极端环境中（如地下油藏），在有机物厌氧降解转化为二氧化碳和甲烷的过程中发挥着关键性的作用。研究互营细菌的物质代谢和能量传递的分子机制，对认识缺氧环境中的元素生物地球化学循环具有重要意义，也为解决全球能源危机、缓解气候变暖提供理论指导。但是，互营细菌生长缓慢、对氧气敏感，其分离培养的难度大。本文主要回顾了互营细菌的分离策略及其生理生化特征，展望了互营细菌分离培养的发展趋势，并指出以高通量筛选与定向分离相结合的方法，获得具有特定生理生态学功能的互营细菌，是互营微生物资源和分类学研究的发展方向。

Abstract:

Syntrophic metabolism is one of the important interspecies relationships among microbes. Syntrophic microorganisms not only distribute in soils, freshwater, marine anoxic sediments, anaerobic digestion and gastrointestinal tract of animals, but also present in extreme environments such as subsurface oil reservoirs. They play essential roles in anaerobic degradation of organic compounds to methane and carbon dioxide. Study on the syntrophic metabolisms of syntrophic microorganisms through culture-dependent methods, would help understand the biogeochemical cycle of elements in anoxic environments, and deal with the global energy crisis and global warming problems. However, it is difficult to isolate syntrophic microorganisms for their slow-growing and oxygen-sensitive properties. This review summarizes the recent studies on the isolation strategies of syntrophic microorganisms, and their physiological and biochemical properties. Furthermore, the future development trend of culture techniques including high throughput screening and targeted isolation of syntrophic microorganisms were discussed.