病毒功能性受体的筛选新策略及其应用

Novel strategies for screening functional viral receptors and their applications

摘要:

病毒通过与靶细胞表面的特异性受体结合，进而吸附、入侵靶细胞，劫持细胞的复制机器完成自身的复制周期。细胞受体作为病毒入侵宿主的门户，细胞受体的结构与功能及其介导病毒入侵的机制一直是病毒学研究的热点之一。对细胞受体的研究有助于了解病毒的致病机制并为病毒性疾病的防控提供科学依据。近年来，利用功能缺失性基因组学筛选病毒功能性受体的进展极大地拓展了人类对病毒入侵机制的认识和理解。目前，应用较为广泛的病毒功能性受体筛选策略包括RNA干扰技术、利用单倍体细胞系随机插入逆转录病毒致突变技术以及基于CRISPR/Cas9系统的新型编辑技术。本文系统介绍并比较了这三种病毒功能性受体筛选新策略，同时对其应用及优缺点进行了归纳总结，可为相关研究者提供一定的参考。

Abstract:

Viruses attach and invade target-cells by binding to a specific receptor(s) on the surface of target-cells, and hijack the cellular replication machinery to complete the life cycle. The cellular receptor is the gateway for viruses to infect host cells, and the structure and function of cellular receptors and the mechanism of virus entry mediated by cellular receptors have been one of the hotspots of molecular virology. The discovery of cellular receptors is helpful to understand the pathogenesis of viruses and develop prevention and control strategies for viral diseases. In recent years, the progress in screening functional viral receptors using functional genomics has greatly expanded our understanding of the mechanism of virus entry. At present, widely used functional viral receptor screening strategies include RNA interference, random retroviral insertional mutagenesis using haploid cell lines and the recently emerging CRISPR/Cas9 system. In this review, three novel strategies of functional viral receptors screening are systematically introduced and compared, and their applications, advantages and disadvantages are summarized to provide references for relevant researchers.