夏季故宫养心殿空气中真菌的调查与分析

An investigation and analysis of airborne fungi in summer in the Hall of Mental Cultivation of the Forbidden City

摘要:

【目的】在无法实现洁净环境的古建筑内，文物易遭受霉菌的破坏，尤其是在闷热的夏季。探明空气中真菌的种类对文物、游客的安全具有重要意义。【方法】采用自然沉降法与撞击法对夏季养心殿正殿内代表性的6个取样位置的气生真菌进行培养并进行ITS1 rDNA序列分析。【结果】利用自然沉降法测得气生真菌22种，以枝孢属(Cladosporium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)和青霉属(Penicillium)为优势类群，在2个位置(佛堂二层与西暖阁)空气真菌污染超标；而撞击法测得100余种，腐生营养型真菌比例较高，优势类群为链格孢属(Alternaria)、Cladosporium、木霉属 (Trichoderma)、根霉属(Rhizopus)、Aspergillus和Penicillium，所有6个位置均超标。通过对环境因子与真菌多样性的相关性分析发现，养心殿内真菌丰度与温度、湿度及悬浮颗粒物有着密切关系。在相对湿度较低的6月，温度对丰度影响较大；高湿度时，悬浮颗粒物与湿度对真菌丰度影响更大。丝状真菌的丰度与小粒径悬浮颗粒物、相对湿度存在显著正相关，而空气中的酵母菌与温度相关性更高。【结论】本研究对养心殿正殿空气中真菌的种属进行了鉴定，并分析了与环境因子的相关性，为预防、开放展览以及修缮提供了科学依据。

Abstract:

[Objective] In the natural environment in ancient buildings, cultural relics are vulnerable to mold, especially in the sweltering summer. Therefore, it is important for protecting cultural relics and visitors there to find out the species of airborne fungi. [Methods] We employed the natural precipitation method and the impacting method to collect samples of six representative sites in the main hall of the Hall of Mental Cultivation in summer and analyzed ITS1 rDNA sequences of the airborne fungi. [Results] A total of 22 species of airborne fungi were yielded with the natural precipitation method, which were dominated by Cladosporium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. At two sites (the second floor of the Buddha Hall and the West Chamber), the count of airborne fungi exceeded the standard. The impacting method measured over 100 species and a large proportion of them were saprophytes. The dominant taxa were Alternaria, Cladosporium, Trichoderma, Rhizopus, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. At all the six sites, the count of fungal communities was above the standard. As for the correlation between environmental factors and fungal diversity, the abundance of fungi was in close relationship with the temperature, humidity, and suspended particulate matter in the Hall. In June when relative humidity is low, temperature had great impact on abundance. In the instance of high humidity, suspended particulate matter and humidity had greater effect on fungal abundance. The abundance of filamentous fungi was in significantly positive correlation with small suspended particulate matter and relative humidity, while the airborne yeast had a higher correlation with temperature. [Conclusion] This study identifies the species of airborne fungi in the main hall of the Hall of Mental Cultivation and analyzes the correlation with environmental factors, which lays a scientific basis for the prevention, exhibition, and preservation.