肠道微生物培养的研究进展及应用

Research progress and application of gut microorganism culture

摘要:

肠道中栖居着组成复杂、功能多样的微生物群，这些微生物群在宿主免疫、营养吸收、代谢调节等方面发挥着重要作用。随着测序技术的快速发展，肠道微生物研究通过16S rRNA基因测序和宏基因组测序产生了大量的数据，其中许多未组装的序列成为微生物“暗物质”。近年来，不少研究利用多种不同微生物分离培养方法，结合高通量鉴定技术，从人、小鼠、猪肠道中分离了大量的微生物，丰富了菌株资源，为解析微生物“暗物质”以及后续肠道微生物功能和应用研究提供了基础和保障。尽管微生物的可培养性受到多种因素的影响，大部分微生物尚处于“未培养”的状态，但无论是病因研究还是生理和遗传特征的解析都离不开微生物实体资源的获取。肠道微生物的分离培养对微生物研究从关联分析向菌群功能验证、因果机制解析和功能菌株开发的深入研究具有重要意义。本文旨在探讨和综述影响微生物可培养性的因素，总结回顾肠道微生物的培养方法并阐述肠道微生物培养研究的进展，以期为肠道微生物培养研究提供新的视角。

Abstract:

The gut harbors the microbiota with complex structure and diverse functions, which plays an important role in host immunity, nutrient absorption, and metabolic regulation. The rapid development of sequencing technologies such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomic sequencing has generated massive data of gut microbiota, among which many unassembled sequences are considered as the microbial dark matter. Through the combination of a variety of culture methods and high-throughput sequencing, a large number of microorganisms have been isolated from the guts of human, mouse, and pig in recent years, which has significantly enriched the bacterial strain resources and provided a basis for the analysis of microbial dark matter and the research on the functions and application of gut microbiota. Although the culturability of microorganisms is affected by many factors and most microorganisms are still uncultured, the acquisition of microbial resources is indispensable for the study of etiology and the analysis of physiological and genetic characteristics of bacterial strains. The isolation and culture of gut microorganisms are of great significance for the deep research on gut microbiota from association study to functional verification, causality elucidation, and functional strain development. This article summarized the factors that affect the culturability of microorganisms, introduced the culture methods of gut microorganisms, and reviewed the progress and application of gut microorganism culture, aiming to give new insights into this field.