除臭微生物的筛选复配及其在堆肥中的应用

Deodorizing microorganisms: screening and application in composting

摘要:

【目的】从沼渣和硫铁矿场土壤中分离可以去除氨氮和硫化物的微生物，并筛选复配后应用于堆肥中，以减少畜牧业粪便处理时臭气的释放量，改善工作环境。【方法】利用选择培养基分别筛选除氨和除硫的微生物，并进行16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定，挑选效果较好的菌株进行组合，复配出微生物除臭剂将其应用于粪便堆肥中，通过检测现场氨气和硫化氢浓度初步评估其除臭效果。【结果】分离出了12株除氨微生物和5株除硫微生物，挑选出5株效果较好的菌株分别标记为N-2、N-5、N-6、N-11和S-3。复配实验表明菌株N-5+N-6+N-11+S-3组成的微生物除臭剂效果最佳，对NH₄⁺-N和S^2–去除率最高，分别为82.46%和84.84%。同时，堆肥应用实验证明微生物除臭剂具有除臭功效，尤其是在堆肥前期，在第7天翻堆的过程中氨气和硫化氢释放量相对于对照组减少了62.84%和53.12%。堆肥结束，与对照组相比，微生物除臭剂组氨氮含量低于对照组33.62%。【结论】本研究获得的微生物除臭剂有效降低了畜禽粪便堆肥过程中恶臭气体的释放，在改善畜牧业粪便堆肥处理环境方面具有较大的应用潜力。

Abstract:

[Objective] To isolate the microorganisms that can remove ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from biogas residue and pyrite soil and use them for composting, so as to reduce the odor release in the process of manure treatment and improve the working environment. [Methods] The microorganisms capable of removing ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were screened out by the culture method and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The strains with good removal performance were selected to prepare the microbial deodorants. The deodorants were then applied to the composting of manure, and their deodorization effects were preliminarily evaluated based on the concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. [Results] A total of 12 ammonia-removing strains and 5 sulfur-removing strains were isolated, from which 5 strains with good removal performance were screened out and labeled as N-2, N-5, N-6, N-11, and S-3, respectively. The microbial deodorant composed of strains N-5, N-6, N-11, and S-3 had the best deodorization effect, with the ammonia- and sulfide-removing rates of 82.46% and 84.84%, respectively. The composting test proved that the microbial deodorant had deodorization effect. Especially in the early stage of composting, the microbial deodorant group reduced the release of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in the process of turning on day 7 by 62.84% and 53.12%, respectively, compared with the control group. At the end of composting, the ammonia nitrogen content of the microbial deodorant group was 33.62% lower than that of the control group. [Conclusion] The microbial deodorant produced in this study can effectively reduce the release of odorant gas in the process of manure composting and thus demonstrates great application potential in improving the environment of livestock waste treatment.