细菌溶血磷脂的生物合成及生物学功能

De novo biosynthetic pathway and biological functions of bacterial lysophospholipids

摘要:

溶血磷脂(lysophospholipids, LPLs)是细胞膜中的一类脂质代谢中间产物，主要由磷脂分子被水解后生成。LPL的生物学功能与其前体磷脂有明显的区别。在真核细胞中，LPL是一种参与多种胞内生物信号调控的重要活性分子，但在细菌中，LPL的生物学功能还未被充分揭示。LPL通常是细菌细胞膜中的次要组分，在环境压力条件下其含量可显著升高。除了参与细胞膜磷脂代谢，LPL被认为在细菌环境适应性及致病性中发挥重要作用。其在细胞膜中的累积可以显著提高细菌在环境压力下的存活及增殖效率，同时还是细菌感染过程中重要的信号分子。近期有研究表明，LPL可能是细菌新发现的潜在毒力因子。本文因此将结合最新研究数据，对不同种类LPL的从头合成通路以及LPL在细菌抵御环境压力和细菌-宿主互作等方面所发挥的生物学功能进行综述，为对细菌致病机制和防治细菌感染的相关研究提供新的思路和参考借鉴。

Abstract:

Lysophospholipids (LPLs), lipid metabolism intermediates in the cell membrane, are mainly generated by the hydrolysis of phospholipid molecules. LPLs differ significantly from their precursor phospholipids in the biological functions. In eukaryotic cells, LPLs are bioactive molecules involved in the regulation of multiple biological signals. However, the roles of LPLs in bacteria have not been fully revealed. LPLs are a secondary component in bacterial cell membrane and can be significantly increased under environmental stress conditions. In addition to participating in the phospholipid metabolism in the cell membrane, LPLs are considered to play a role in the environmental adaptability and pathogenicity of bacteria. LPLs accumulated in the cell membrane can improve the survival and proliferation efficiency of bacteria under environmental stress or act as signaling molecules in the pathogenic processes of bacteria. Recent studies suggest LPLs as a potential novel virulence factor of bacteria. We review the current knowledge about the biosynthetic pathways of LPLs and the roles of LPLs in bacterial adaptation and host-bacterium interaction, providing references for the further research on bacterial pathogenesis and prevention of bacterial infections.