戊型肝炎病毒遗传多样性和进化机制的研究进展

Research progress in genetic diversity and evolutionary mechanism of hepatitis E viruses

摘要:

戊型肝炎病毒(hepatitis E virus, HEV)是一种引发全球急性病毒性肝炎的人兽共患病病原。HEV具有丰富的遗传多样性，不同基因型或基因亚型的流行与地理位置、宿主物种以及防控策略等密切相关。欧洲和美洲HEV流行株为HEV-3，包括3a-i亚型，而亚洲流行株含HEV-3和HEV-4；我国的流行毒株已从HEV-1进化到HEV-4。近年来，研究发现HEV进化的影响机制，包括同义密码子使用模式、氨基酸突变和基因重组等，其中氨基酸突变是病毒持续流行的主要驱动力。因此，本文就HEV的分类、全球流行特征、进化机制等进行综述，以期为戊型肝炎的有效防控以及疫苗开发提供参考。

Abstract:

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major zoonotic pathogen that causes acute viral hepatitis worldwide. HEV has high genetic diversity, and the incidence of various genotypes or subtypes is strongly correlated with host species, geographic location, and prevention and control methods. HEV strains HEV-3, comprising 3a-3i subtypes, were present in Europe and America, whereas HEV-3 and HEV-4 were prevalent in Asia. The epidemic strains in China have evolved from HEV-1 to HEV-4. Recent studies have shown that gene recombination, amino acid mutations, and synonymous codon usage patterns are part of the mechanisms underlying HEV evolution. In particular, amino acid mutations are the main driving force for the continued prevalence of the virus. This paper reviews the classification, global epidemic characteristics, and evolutionary mechanism of HEV, aiming to provide a reference for the prevention and control of hepatitis E and vaccine development.