益生菌冷冻干燥高活性保护机制研究进展

Research progress in the mechanism of freeze-drying in protecting the high vitality of probiotics

摘要:

摄取足量益生菌有助于维持肠道微生物群落的稳态，对维持人体肠道健康具有重要意义。然而，在工业化应用中，益生菌抗逆能力较弱且对储存条件要求高，导致益生菌产品对运输和活性维持条件要求较高，这些产业需求对高活力益生菌的制备工艺提出了挑战。干燥处理常应用于保持益生菌活性和稳定性，其中冷冻干燥技术应用最广泛，但冻干过程中益生菌会受到各类环境压力的刺激，引起细胞损伤甚至死亡。因此，可以显著提高益生菌存活率的冻干保护剂成为目前益生菌工业应用的研究热点。本文从益生菌常用及新发现的冻干保护剂种类及其作用机制进行了系统归纳，对菌株冻干后细胞存活率的影响因素进行全面综述，并对冻干保护剂研究方向进行了展望，旨在为高活力益生菌冻干菌粉的研制提供理论支持。

Abstract:

Adequate intake of probiotics helps in maintaining the homeostasis of the gut microbiota, which is of great significance for human intestinal health. However, probiotics are vulnerable to stress and necessitate stringent storage conditions in industrial settings, which pose challenges to the vitality maintenance of probiotics in transportation and shelf-life. Therefore, it is essential to develop the preparation process capable of protecting the high vitality of probiotics. Drying beneficial for sustaining probiotic vitality is often used to maintain the strain stability. Among the drying methods, freeze-drying is widely used. However, during the freeze-drying process, probiotics encounter environmental stress conditions, which lead to cellular damage and even death. Therefore, the freeze-drying protectants that can significantly improve probiotic survival rate have become a research hotspot in the industrial application of probiotics. This article systematically summarizes both the commonly used and the newly discovered protectants for freeze-drying of probiotics and elucidates their mechanisms of action. It provides an overview of the factors affecting cell viability post freeze-drying while outlining the prospective research directions of freeze-drying protectants. This review is expected to furnish theoretical substantiation for the development of freeze-dried probiotics with high vitality.