Nutritional limitation is one of the common environmental stresses for microorganisms. In addition to natural environments such as oceans, glaciers, deserts, and deep surface severely deficient in nutrients, more and more artificial environments also present the characteristics of nutritional limitations, such as various micro-polluted water bodies and wastewater biological treatment systems with stricter discharge standards. Substrate concentration greatly affects the growth, metabolism, and community structure of microorganisms including bacteria, and eventually leads to changes in their functions. In order to survive with limited nutrients, microorganisms first need to perceive the reduction of nutrient supply, then regulate metabolic processes globally via genes, proteins, signal molecules, and metabolites, and finally change substrate affinity, growth rate, motility, and morphology to adapt to malnutrition. Intracellular signaling molecules and the responses triggered by them are the key for microorganisms to deal with nutritional stress. We sorted out the essential signal products, receptor proteins/regulation process and response results of microorganisms represented by bacteria when dealing with carbon and nitrogen source limitation, and then analyzed the interaction of carbon and nitrogen limitations in the response process. This review provides a theoretical basis for the cognition of microorganisms in extreme environments and the application of microorganisms under nutrient limitations, especially in the biological treatment of low-concentration pollutants and biological monitoring.
碳源限制氮源限制代谢调控环腺苷酸(cAMP)严紧反应carbon limitationnitrogen limitationmetabolic regulationcyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)stringent response国家重点研发计划2019YFC1805503国家自然科学基金52070025成渝地区双城经济圈建设科技创新项目KJCXZD2020004成渝地区双城经济圈建设科技创新项目KJCXZD2020003国家重点研发计划(2019YFC1805503); 国家自然科学基金(52070025); 成渝地区双城经济圈建设科技创新项目(KJCXZD2020004, KJCXZD2020003)the National Key Research and Development Program of China2019YFC1805503the National Natural Science Foundation of China52070025the Scientific and Technical Innovation Program for Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle DevelopmentKJCXZD2020004the Scientific and Technical Innovation Program for Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle DevelopmentKJCXZD2020003This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFC1805503), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52070025), and the Scientific and Technical Innovation Program for Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle Development (KJCXZD2020004, KJCXZD2020003)
Structural features of cAMP-CRP complex of Escherichia coli[22]. The protomers of CRP dimer are represented in blue and brown respectively, and the DNA recognition helix is highlighted in green. The C-helix of the dimer interface, the d-helix of the DNA binding domain and the positions of the key residues Ser-128 and Asp-138 are marked in the figure.
Gln胞内浓度由信号传导蛋白Protein Ⅱ (PⅡ)感知[44-45],PⅡ广泛存在于细菌、产甲烷古菌和光营养真核生物中,它可以整合多种信号并与多种受体结合调节其活性[45]。该类蛋白质可分为3个密切相关的亚组,它们分别为glnB、glnK和nifI基因的产物[46],大肠杆菌具有2种PⅡ同源物——氮调节蛋白PⅡ 1 (nitrogen regulatory protein PⅡ 1, GlnB)和氮调节蛋白PⅡ 2 (nitrogen regulatory protein PⅡ 2, GlnK)[47],PⅡ现用作这类信号转导蛋白质的家族名称,但它也被用作第一种PⅡ蛋白GlnB的同义词。Gln的可利用性会直接影响PⅡ的尿苷酸化状态,继而进一步影响后续PⅡ对Ntr基因表达、GS反应活性的促进作用(图 7、图 8)。
信号传导系统控制着大肠杆菌中Ntr基因的转录[48]
Signal transduction systems controls the transcription of Ntr gene in Escherichia coli[48].
信号传导系统控制着大肠杆菌中GS反应的活性[46, 49-50]
Signal transduction systems controls the activity of GS reaction in Escherichia coli[46, 49-50]. PⅡ will activate GS adenylase (AT) to promote GS adenosylation to GS-AMP at the high concentration of Gln, then the synthesis of Gln will be inhibited. PⅡ-UMP will activate the adenylate removal enzyme (AR) to promote the transfer of adenosine phosphate (AMP) group in GS AMP to catalyze the synthesis of Gln at the low concentration of Gln[46, 49-50].
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