摘要
活化诱导胞苷脱氨酶(activation-induced cytidine deaminase, AID)和载脂蛋白B mRNA编辑酶催化多肽(apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide, APOBEC)构成了一类保守的胞苷脱氨酶家族,各成员蛋白在机体内发挥着各不相同的功能,并且在机体的天然免疫防御机制中也发挥着重要作用。AID在脊椎动物的获得性免疫系统中发挥重要作用,其介导抗体类别转换重组(class switch recombination, CSR)、促进抗体亲和力成熟,并参与抗体多样性的产生。APOBEC1则具有催化胞嘧啶脱氨基化、介导RNA编辑以调控细胞功能的作用,同时还展现出抗逆转录病毒活性,并与肿瘤和癌症的发生存在一定的关联。APOBEC2主要在心肌和骨骼肌中表达,与肌肉纤维类型的转变、体重下降、肌肉再生以及体细胞肌肉组织相关疾病有关,同时在控制基因表达方面也具有潜在作用。APOBEC3s在天然免疫和获得性免疫应答中均占据重要地位,其成员蛋白在抑制逆转录转座子、抑制病毒复制、DNA降解、RNA编辑以及影响细胞周期等方面均发挥着关键作用。APOBEC4基因在各种动物中相对保守,其活性中心序列与其他APOBEC蛋白不同,是公认的胞苷对尿苷编辑酶,并具有抗病毒活性。目前,关于动物源APOBEC家族成员的研究相对较少,本文综述了APOBEC家族成员的结构特征和生物功能,为日后研究动物源APOBEC家族成员在机体免疫应答及对疾病影响方面提供参考,同时也为进一步探索利用增强APOBEC家族成员功能的活性物质来寻找抗病毒药物提供新思路。
APOBEC家族是一个庞大的体内家族,其成员具有脱氨酶活性,包括活化诱导胞苷脱氨酶(activation-induced cytidine deaminase, AID)、载脂蛋白B mRNA编辑酶催化多肽-1 (apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide, APOBEC1)、APOBEC2、APOBEC3 (简称A3,包含A3A、A3B、A3C、A3DE、A3F、A3G、A3H)和APOBEC4亚家族,共计11个成
APOBEC家族成员的胞苷脱氨酶功能区(catalytic domains, CD)含有特异性的锌指结构域(His-X-Glu-X23-28-Pro-Cys-X2-4-Cys,其中X表示任意氨基酸),是该家族成员保守的酶活性中心(

图1 人源APOBEC家族的分布示意图
Figure 1 Distribution diagram of the human APOBEC family.

图2 人源AID/APOBEC家族成员结构示意图
Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the structures of the human AID/APOBEC family members.
本文对APOBEC家族各成员的结构和生物学功能在国内外的研究进展进行了综述(
名称 Name | 功能 Function | 文献 References |
---|---|---|
AID | AID relies on loop7 in its structure, which is far away from the active center, to recognize the immunoglobulin single chain gene fragment 5′-WC-3′ (W=A/T, R=A/G) and exert C-to-U gene editing function |
[ |
Editing the genome of viruses (such as hepatitis B virus) or deaminase independent mechanisms to inhibit virus replication |
[ | |
APOBEC1 | APOBEC1 has a conserved zinc finger domain and deamination active site, and its N-terminus contains a nuclear localization signal that plays an important role in editing reactions and may participate in the binding of accessory proteins |
[ |
Single mutants of L180, L182, I185, and L189, as well as double mutants of P190A/P191A, can all cause partial or almost complete loss of editing activity of APOBEC1 |
[ | |
Specific editing of cytosine in ApoB 100 pre mRNA yields truncated ApoB48, ApoB 100 can transport endogenous cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. ApoB48 plays a role in metabolizing dietary lipids |
[ | |
RBM46 can promote APOBEC1 to do the C-to-U editing of ApoB mRNA |
[ | |
Inducing DNA mutations or other mechanisms to inhibit certain viruses and reverse transcriptase elements |
[ | |
Promote polarization of M1 macrophages |
[ | |
Affects cancer genes or other pathological processes, such as, affects central nervous system lesions, APOBEC1 catalyzed C-to-U editing also exists in neurofibromas and lung adenocarcinoma |
[ | |
APOBEC2 | Regulating and maintaining muscle development in mammals, leading to changes in muscle fiber subtypes, weight loss, and myopathy |
[ |
Related to lung tumors, liver inflammation, and liver cancer |
[ | |
APOBEC3A | Specific deamination effect |
[ |
Synergistic dimerization regulates the binding specificity of ssDNA |
[ | |
Responding to interferon-α in macrophages and monocytes, inhibiting viruses such as HIV-1, HPV, AAV, RSV, HTLV-1, etc. |
[ | |
During the polarization process of M1 macrophages, APOBEC3A mediates specific C to U RNA editing, thereby altering the amino acid sequences of proteins related to the pathogenesis of viral diseases and other large quantities of proteins |
[ | |
APOBEC3A exerts deamination ability by recognizing 5-methylcytosine (5mC), which is related to the clearance of viruses carrying CpG methylation |
[ | |
Editing the DNA of HeLa cells and U937 cells with Nox enzyme leads to ROS production, inducing the formation of pro-inflammatory state, which may be related to tumorigenesis |
[ | |
APOBEC3B | Effectively inhibit HIV-2 by relying on Vif |
[ |
Human A3B has catalytic activity and inhibits HIV-1, while rhesus monkey A3B has no ability to inhibit HIV-1 |
[ | |
DExD/H-box helicase 9 inhibits the binding of A3B to pgRNA and antagonizes the inhibitory effect of A3B on HBV |
[ | |
May be an important factor in inducing cancer mutations |
[ | |
Related to cell cycle deviation, cell death, DNA breakage, accumulation of γ-H2AX, and C to T transition |
[ | |
APOBEC3C | The antiviral function of A3CS188 dimer is significant |
[ |
The inhibitory effect on HIV-1 is weak, but the anti-SIV function is strong. Simultaneously possessing the ability to inhibit viruses such as HSV-1, EBV, HBV, etc. |
[ | |
APOBEC3DE | Inhibition of HIV-1 and SIV virus replication |
[ |
APOBEC3F | Inhibition of PERV and PRRSV replication |
[ |
CAEV’s Vif induces degradation of sheep A3F and antagonizes the inhibitory effect of A3F on the virus |
[ | |
The driving factors of mutations in human monkeypox virus |
[ | |
A3F expression in cancer triple negative breast cancer is associated with tumor microenvironment invasion, activation of cancer immunity, and improved survival rate |
[ | |
APOBEC4 | Participate in mouse spermatogenesis |
[ |
Enhance HIV-1 production in a dose-dependent manner and have an effect on viral LTRs |
[ | |
Chicken APOBEC4 can inhibit the replication of NDV, IBDV, and H9 |
[ |
究及其在疾病发生后的免疫反应中作用机制的揭示提供方向,同时也为以增强APOBEC家族成员功能的活性为靶点研发新型抗病毒药物奠定基础。
1 AID的结构和生物功能
AID含有核定位信号和依赖运输蛋白(chromosome region maintenance 1, CRM1)的核输出信号(

图3 人源AID结构示意图。NLS:核定位信号;NES:核输出信号;Cytidine deaminase domain:胞苷脱氨酶结构域;Apobec-like domain:Apobec样结构域。
Figure 3 Schematic diagram of structure of human AID. NLS: Nuclear localization signal; NES: Nuclear export signal.
作为DNA编辑酶,AID通过调控免疫球蛋白基因位点、启动抗体类性别转换重组(CSR)和体细胞超突变(SHM),影响B细胞的多样
2 APOBEC1的结构和生物功能
APOBEC1具有保守的锌指结构域和脱氨基活性位点,其N端包含对编辑反应具有重要作用的核定位信号,并可能参与辅助蛋白的结

图4 人源APOBEC1蛋白结构域示意图
Figure 4 Schematic diagram of the structural domain of human APOBEC1 protein.
APOBEC1能特异性编辑ApoB 100 pre-mRNA内的胞嘧啶,产生1个新的终止密码子,从而得到ApoB蛋白的截短体ApoB 48,其中,ApoB 100负责运输血液中的内源性胆固醇和甘油三酸酯,但这一作用有导致动脉粥样硬化的风
APOBEC1对肠上皮细胞系、树突状细胞和巨噬细胞等多种细胞具有RNA编辑作
3 APOBEC2的结构和生物功能
在EST数据库中搜索时发现了与APOBEC1同源的基因APOBEC2,对全长APOBEC2核磁结构的解析发现其在溶液中呈单体状态,且N端与APOBEC2的聚集状态有

图5 人源APOBEC2蛋白结构域示意
Figure 5 Schematic diagram of the structural domain of human APOBEC2 protei
Li
在心脏组织中,人源APOBEC2可能具有特定的作用,APOBEC2的过表达与肝癌和肺肿瘤有关,可能引发磷酸酶的基因和编码真核翻译起始因子4γ2的突
4 APOBEC3的结构和生物功能
4.1 APOBEC3A
人类APOBEC3A包含一个脱氨酶域,其中半胱氨酸(cysteine, Cys)和组氨酸(histidine, His)与锌离子协调作用,而谷氨酸(glutamic acid, Glu)则在催化过程中的质子转移中发挥关键作用。APOBEC3A蛋白具有专一性的脱氨基作用,其对含TC的单链DNA上C碱基的作用取决于底物核苷酸的侧面序列(

图6 人APOBEC3A的晶体结
Figure 6 Crystal structure of human APOBEC3
4.2 APOBEC3B
APOBEC3B主要位于细胞核,并能够在细胞质与细胞核之间穿
4.3 APOBEC3C
人类APOBEC3C的S188单体对HIV-1的抑制作用较弱,但I188单体的酶活性较强,且能显著增强对HIV-1的抑制能力,此外还发现A3C S188的二聚体具有显著的抗病毒功能,甚至高于A3C I18
4.4 APOBEC3DE
在非允许型细胞中APOBEC3DE大量表达,并能抑制HIV-1和SIV病毒的复制,但其活性比APOBEC3G和APOBEC3F弱。此外,人与黑猩猩的APOBEC3DE氨基酸序列存在显著差异,黑猩猩的APOBEC3DE对免疫型病毒HIV-1和SIV的感染具有限制作用,而人APOBEC3DE仅对HIV-1表现出较弱的抗病毒活
4.5 APOBEC3F
APOBEC3F的mRNA全长2 672 bp,编码框为1 122 bp,编码373个氨基
沈海燕
4.6 APOBEC3G
人类APOBEC3G基因由7个内含子和8个外显子组成,cDNA长1 155 bp,可翻译出384个氨基酸,蛋白大小约为46 kDa (

图7 全长APOBEC3G E/Q (pH 7.0)的晶体结
Figure 7 Crystal structure of full length APOBEC3G E/Q (pH 7.0
同时,APOBEC3G还具有抑制SIV、HTLV、马传染性贫血病毒(equine infectious anaemia, EIAV)、MuLV以及泡沫病毒等多种逆转录病毒的作
此外,APOBEC3G还能抑制HBV和丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus, HCV)的感染。外源表达的APOBEC3G蛋白可以显著降低HBV核相关DNA和RNA的水
Fehrholz
4.7 APOBEC3H
人类APOBEC3H基因位于22q13.1,编码6个外显
APOBEC3H具有显著的抗病毒功
5 APOBEC4的结构和生物功能
APOBEC4是通过计算机同源搜索技术发现的,并确定了其位于人类1号染色体上的位置,APOBEC4基因在黑猩猩、恒河猴、狗、牛、小鼠、大鼠、鸡和青蛙等物种中是保守
6 总结与展望
AID/APOBEC家族蛋白具有细胞脱氨酶活性,其对底物的选择和催化脱氨的调节受与催化位点相邻的蛋白质结构域的长度、组成和空间排列的控制。APOBEC脱氨酶基因的表达失调和突变会导致DNA和mRNA序列的大量变化,进而引发多种免疫系统疾病(如高IgM综合征)以及恶性肿瘤(如B细胞淋巴瘤、肝细胞癌等
APOBEC1可编辑小肠上皮细胞中的载脂蛋白B (apolipoprotein B, apoB) mRNA,在甘油三酯和胆固醇的组织吸收、运输和消耗中发挥着重要作
此外,研究发现异常的APOBEC家族表达模式可通过增加基因组突变频率来改变肿瘤免疫微环境,从而诱导免疫耗竭表型。有研究者开发了一个基于亚型生物标志物的预测风险模型,该模型对ccRCC患者表现良好,并验证了APOBEC3B的临床影响,为指导临床治疗以及将APOBEC3B作为ccRCC的新治疗靶点提供了思
作者贡献声明
张志杰:全文相关内容的文献查询和下载,初稿撰写;王松祺:APOBEC3家族蛋白相关部分的修改和文献查漏补缺;聂晶晶:AID和APOBEC1蛋白相关部分的修改和文献查漏补缺;瞿云芝:APOBEC2蛋白相关部分的修改和文献查漏补缺,以及补充图表;沈海燕:整篇文章框架的构思,参与从文章撰写、投稿以及整个过程的文章修改工作。
利益冲突
公开声明
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