摘要
目的
探究MgSO4亚型大柴旦盐湖嗜盐细菌的多样性,比较不同培养条件对可培养嗜盐细菌多样性的影响,并对嗜盐细菌的胞外功能酶活性进行筛选。
方法
采用免培养Illumina MiSeq高通量测序平台分析大柴旦盐湖细菌的群落组成多样性;选取13种培养基、2个盐度、8组富集培养天数、6个稀释梯度分离嗜盐细菌,通过16S rRNA基因测序与BLAST序列比对确定菌株系统分类学地位。选取分属于18属的45株不同种的代表菌株,采用7种筛选培养基进行蛋白酶、纤维素酶、淀粉酶和酯酶4种功能酶活性的筛选。
结果
大柴旦盐湖免培养测序结果中共得到244个细菌操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU);获得明确分类地位的细菌有19门53纲92目133科153属,其中假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)和放线菌门(Actinomycetota)为主要的优势菌门。从大柴旦盐湖水泥样本中共分离出593株嗜盐细菌,分属于4门5纲8目12科22属,其中11株可能为潜在新种。Pseudomonadota和芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)为可培养嗜盐细菌的优势菌门,盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)、枝芽孢菌属(Virgibacillus)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为主要的优势菌属。本研究比较了不同分离培养条件的分离效果。在10% NaCl浓度下分离得到的嗜盐细菌菌株数明显高于18% NaCl浓度,说明可培养嗜盐细菌中以中度嗜盐细菌居多;优势培养基为寡营养培养基2216E、1/2 R2A、1/10 2216E和1/10 TSA;最佳富集天数为7-30 d;不稀释的样本分离效果最好,其次为稀释梯度1
结论
优化分离培养方法可显著提升盐湖可培养嗜盐细菌的多样性。大柴旦盐湖水泥样本中嗜盐细菌多样性较丰富,且具有较高的嗜盐酶活性,为后续进一步研究嗜盐细菌的应用提供了依据。
嗜盐微生物通常生长于盐湖、海洋、盐碱土壤等高盐环境中,在酶制剂研发、生物制药、高盐废水处理、食品加工、化妆品研发等领域均有较高的应用价
盐湖是嗜盐细菌的重要栖息地之一。研究者们依托国内外各大盐湖开展了嗜盐细菌的相关研究。国外已研究的盐湖包括突尼斯的乔特杰里德湖、伊朗的梅根湖、美国的大盐湖
为探究大柴旦盐湖中嗜盐细菌的多样性,优化可培养嗜盐细菌的分离培养方案,本研究从大柴旦盐湖采集水泥混合样本,在2种盐度下进行不同天数的富集培养,并选用13种筛选培养基和6个稀释梯度进行稀释涂布和纯化,获得可培养嗜盐细菌的多样性;同时结合高通量测序方法获得的免培养细菌多样性进行比较分析。选取可培养嗜盐细菌的代表菌株进行各类嗜盐酶活性的筛选,获得具有明显嗜盐酶活性的菌株。本研究可获得大量大柴旦盐湖可培养嗜盐细菌资源用于后续的应用探索,并为挖掘各类嗜盐酶的下游应用奠定基础。
1 材料与方法
1.1 材料
1.1.1 样品采集
2022年8月采集大柴旦盐湖的水泥混合样本,呈浑浊态,采样点海拔3 164 m,采样温度6.5 ℃,水样采集深度15 cm,3个采样点间隔大于100 m,分别命名为DCD1、DCD2和DCD3。样本采集后置于4 ℃车载冰箱,运回备用。大柴旦盐湖的地理坐标:95°02′-95°22′E,37°46′-37°55′N。
1.1.2 培养基
富集培养基:蛋白胨0.2 g,酵母浸出粉0.2 g,氯化铵1.0 g,硫酸镁0.2 g,乙酸钠2.0 g,丙酮酸钠1.25 g,乙二胺四乙酸1.0 g,2%磷酸二氢钾溶液10 mL,5%碳酸氢钠20 mL,陈海水1 L,pH 7.0。
分离培养基:富营养培养基采用富营养琼脂培养基(rich culture agar, RCA
产酶活性筛选培养基:以被筛选菌株原本使用的分离培养基作为对应的基础培养基。蛋白酶筛选培养基:加入质量分数为1%的脱脂牛奶;淀粉酶筛选培养基:加入质量分数为1%的可溶性淀粉,并准备卢卡氏碘液;纤维素酶筛选培养基:基础培养基,并准备质量分数为1%的刚果红溶液和1 mol/L NaCl溶液;酯酶筛选培养基:分别加入质量分数为1%的吐温-20、吐温-40、吐温-60和吐温-80。
以上培养基在制备时,氯化钠的添加量需根据具体需求进行调整,其质量浓度可为10%和18%。配制固体培养基时,需在保持原培养基成分不变的前提下,额外加入20 g/L琼脂粉。
1.1.3 主要试剂和仪器
细菌全基因提取试剂盒、离心柱型DNA提取试剂盒,天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;细菌通用引物、0.22 µm聚醚砜醋酸纤维膜,奥科生物科技有限公司;2×Easy Ta
1.2 高通量分析大柴旦盐湖微生物多样性
盐湖混合样品的总盐度和离子浓度测定采用离子色谱分析方法,参考《离子色谱分析方法通则JY/T 0575—2020
1.3 富集培养和菌株分离
将混匀后的水泥样本分别接种至NaCl质量浓度为10%和18%的2组富集培养基中,接种量控制在40 mL/L,随后置于25 ℃恒温培养箱中富集培养,每12 h摇匀1次,以防样品沉淀。分别在第0、7、14、21、30、45、60和90天取样,稀释梯度分别为1
1.4 细菌DNA的提取、PCR扩增与测序
菌株基因组DNA的提取按照DNA提取试剂盒说明书进行操作,利用通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-TACGGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)扩增细菌16S rRNA基因。PCR扩增的反应体系及反应条件参考马想蓉
1.5 构建潜在新种的系统发育树
细菌的潜在新种是指与已知物种的16S rRNA基因相似性低于98.65%的菌
1.6 数据处理
使用Excel软件进行数据统计,使用Adobe Illustrator 2024 v.28.0软件进行绘图。
1.7 嗜盐酶活性筛选
1.7.1 蛋白酶
将实验菌株以平板划线法接种于筛选培养基上,25 ℃恒温培养箱培养5-7 d。待长出明显菌落后,观察菌落周围是否有透明的蛋白水解圈产生。若有,则记录为蛋白酶阳性。
1.7.2 淀粉酶
将实验菌株以平板划线法接种于筛选培养基上,25 ℃恒温培养箱培养5-7 d。长出明显菌落后,用卢卡氏碘液铺满整个平板,直至完全覆盖生长出的菌落。此时淀粉酶筛选培养基遇碘变蓝,观察菌落周围是否有透明水解圈产生。若有,则记录为淀粉酶阳性。
1.7.3 纤维素酶
用点接法(三点接种)将实验菌株接种于筛选培养基上,25 ℃恒温培养箱培养5-7 d。长出明显菌落后,先将刚果红溶液倒入平板至全部没过菌落,静置40 min后再倒出;随后将1 mol/L NaCl溶液倒入平板,静置20 min后再倒出。此时观察菌落周围是否有透明水解圈产生。若有,则记录为纤维素酶阳性。
1.7.4 酯酶
将实验菌株以平板划线法分别接种于吐温-20、吐温-40、吐温-60和吐温-80筛选培养基上,25 ℃恒温培养箱培养5-7 d。长出明显菌落后,观察菌落周围是否有模糊状的酯酶水解圈产生。若有,则分别记录为吐温-20、吐温-40、吐温-60和吐温-80阳性。
1.8 NCBI数据提交
分离的可培养菌株的16S rRNA基因序列均已提交至NCBI数据库(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/),登录号为PQ680680-PQ681271。
2 结果与分析
2.1 各样本细菌群落的α多样性
大柴旦盐湖水泥混合样本的总盐度为351.00 g/L,pH 6.97,M
Sample | Sobsindex | Chao1index | ACEindex | Shannonindex | Simpsonindex | Coverageindex (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DCD1 | 92 | 93.5 | 92.73 | 0.65 | 0.81 | 99.99 |
DCD2 | 114 | 114.0 | 114.16 | 0.64 | 0.83 | 99.99 |
DCD3 | 99 | 99.0 | 99.29 | 0.62 | 0.84 | 99.99 |
2.2 大柴旦盐湖免培养细菌多样性
在大柴旦盐湖样本进行的高通量测序与物种注释中,共有244个细菌OTUs,分属于19门53纲92目133科153属。
在门水平上(

图1 大柴旦盐湖免培养细菌多样性分析。A:门水平;B:纲水平;C:目水平;D:科水平;E:属水平。
Figure 1 Culture-free bacterial diversity analysis in the Da Qaidam Salt Lake. A: Phylum; B: Class; C: Order; D: Family; E: Genus.
在纲水平上(
在目水平上(
在科水平上(
在属水平上(
2.3 大柴旦盐湖可培养嗜盐细菌多样性
从大柴旦盐湖水样中共分离出593株嗜盐细菌,分属于4门5纲8目12科22属55种(
Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus | Strain number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pseudomonadota | Gammaproteobacteria | Oceanospirillales | Halomonadaceae | Halomonas | 201 |
Vreelandella | 32 | ||||
Halovibrio | 6 | ||||
Aidingimonas | 2 | ||||
Salicola | 1 | ||||
Hahellaceae | Halospina | 1 | |||
Alteromonadales | Idiomarinaceae | Idiomarina | 15 | ||
Chromatiales | Ectothiorhodospiraceae | Spiribacter | 1 | ||
Pseudomonadales | Pseudomonadaceae | Pseudomonas | 4 | ||
Marinobacteracea | Marinobacter | 1 | |||
Alphaproteobacteria | Hyphomicrobiales | Nitrobacteraceae | Bradyrhizobium | 35 | |
Bacillota | Bacilli | Bacillales | Bacillaceae | Bacillus | 102 |
Virgibacillus | 108 | ||||
Oceanobacillus | 19 | ||||
Alkalibacillus | 14 | ||||
Halobacillus | 10 | ||||
Gracilibacillus | 1 | ||||
Pseudalkalibacillus | 1 | ||||
Staphylococcaceae | Staphylococcus | 34 | |||
Planococcaceae | Planococcus | 2 | |||
Actinomycetota | Actinomycetes | Micrococcales | Micrococcaceae | Kocuria | 2 |
Balneolota | Balneolia | Balneolales | Balneolaceae | Fodinibius | 1 |
在门水平上,4门分别为Pseudomonadota (50.42%)、Bacillota (49.07%)、Actinomycetota (0.34%)和巴纽尔斯菌门(Balneolota,0.17%)。在纲水平上,优势菌纲为芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli,49.07%)和Gammaproteobacteria (44.52%)。在目水平上,优势菌目(丰度>5.00%)为海洋螺菌目(Oceanospirillales,40.98%)、芽孢杆菌目(Bacillales,49.07%)和Hyphomicrobiales (5.90%)。在科水平上,优势菌科为盐单胞菌科(Halomonadaceae,40.81%)和芽孢杆菌科(Bacillaceae,43.00%);次优势菌科(丰度>5.00%)为Nitrobacteraceae (5.90%)和葡萄球菌科(Staphylococcaceae,5.73%)。在属水平上,丰度大于5.00%的属有盐单胞菌属(Halomonas,33.90%)、枝芽孢菌属(Virgibacillus,18.21%)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus,17.20%)、Vreelandella (5.40%)、Bradyrhizobium (5.90%)和葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus, 5.73%),优势属为Halomonas、Virgibacillus和Bacillus (

图2 大柴旦盐湖可培养嗜盐细菌属水平的多样性复合条饼图
Figure 2 Genus-level diversity of culturable halophilic bacteria in the Da Qaidam Salt Lake.
2.4 不同分离条件对大柴旦盐湖可培养细菌多样性的影响
2.4.1 比较不同盐浓度的分离培养效果
大柴旦盐湖分离得到的嗜盐细菌中,18%盐度分离得到39株,占总菌数的6.58%,分属于4门4纲5目7科13属;10%盐浓度分离得到554株,占总菌数的93.42%,分属于3门4纲6目9科17属。10%盐度分离得到的菌株数量显著高于18%盐度,说明大柴旦盐湖中可培养的中度嗜盐细菌占绝大多数,而极端嗜盐细菌相对较少。
两个不同盐浓度下分离出的优势嗜盐菌属不同,但均为Halomonas属的菌株数量占比最大(

图3 不同盐浓度下大柴旦盐湖可培养嗜盐细菌在属水平的多样性饼状图
Figure 3 Pie chart of genus-level diversity of culturable halophilic bacteria obtained at different salt concentrations in the Da Qaidam Salt Lake. A: 18% NaCl; B: 10% NaCl.
2.4.2 比较不同培养基的分离培养效果
比较11种细菌分离培养基(盐度10%和18%)及2种古菌分离培养基MGM和AOM (盐度18%)的分离培养效果(

图4 大柴旦盐湖可培养嗜盐细菌在不同培养条件下的属水平多样性。A:不同培养基;B:不同富集时间;C:不同稀释梯度。
Figure 4 Genus-level diversity of culturable halophilic bacteria acquired under different culture conditions from the Da Qaidam Salt Lake. A: Different media; B: Different enrichment time; C: Different dilution gradients.
除2216E和1/2 RCA培养基外,其余培养基均分离出了特有属(仅出现1次)或稀有属(仅出现2次)。特有属Salicola可从OSM培养基中分离;Fodinibius可从R2A培养基中分离;Marinobacter可从1/2 R2A培养基中分离;Halospina可从TSA培养基中分离;Gracilibacillus可从1/2 TSA培养基中分离;Spiribacter可从1/10 TSA培养基中分离;Pseudalkalibacillus可从改良高氏1号培养基中分离。稀有属考克氏菌属(Kocuria)可从1/10 2216E和RCA培养基中分离;Planococcus可从1/2 R2A和改良高氏1号培养基中分离;Aidingimonas可从MGM和AOM培养基中分离。
2.4.3 比较不同富集时间的分离效果
统计不同富集时间的细菌分离效果。结果显示,富集0 d (即不富集)共得到菌株64株,归类于2门2纲2目2科4属;富集7 d共得到菌株105株,归类于2门2纲3目5科10属;富集14 d共得到菌株144株,归类于2门3纲5目7科13属;富集21 d共得到菌株63株,归类于3门4纲6目7科10属;富集30 d共得到菌株83株,归类于3门3纲3目4科9属;富集45 d共得到菌株54株细菌,归类于3门3纲3目4科8属;富集60 d共得到菌株44株,归类于2门2纲2目3科9属;富集90 d共得到菌株36株,归类于2门2纲2目3科5属(
除富集0 d和90 d外,其余富集时期均分离出了特有属或稀有属。第7天分离出的特有属为Halospina和Pseudomonas;第14天分离出的特有属为Aidingimonas、Planococcus和Spiribacter;第21天分离出的特有属为Marinobacter;第30天分离出的特有属为Gracilibacillus和Fodinibius;第45天分离出的特有属为Pseudalkalibacillus。稀有属Idiomarina可从第14天和第21天中分离;Kocuria可从第21天和第45天中分离;Salicola可从第30天和第60天中分离。
总体来看,富集7-30 d的分离效果最好。从0 d至90 d,不同富集天数分离菌株的数量和多样性随时间大致呈现正偏态分布;第0天和第90天分离出的菌株在属水平的多样性最低,且均未出现特有属(
2.4.4 比较不同稀释梯度的分离效果
在不同稀释梯度的分离效果中,稀释梯度为1
仅稀释梯度为1
2.5 大柴旦盐湖可培养嗜盐细菌中潜在的新种资源
从大柴旦盐湖水样中分离的嗜盐细菌中,有11株菌可能为潜在新种(与近缘菌株的16S rRNA基因相似度<98.65%) (
Strain No. | Phylogenetically related strain | 16S rRNA gene similarity (%) |
---|---|---|
DCBG3011 | Bacillus tequilensis strain ZL4 | 98.56 |
DCBB4011 | Alkalibacillus halophilus strain ESP2_3 | 98.55 |
DCBR2051 | Bradyrhizobium guangxiense strain CCBAU 53363 | 98.44 |
DCBO6112 | Salicola marasensis strain 5Ma3 | 97.13 |
DCBT1121 | Halospina denitrificans strain HGD 1-3 | 98.25 |
DCBB3011 | Halomonas qaidamensis strain XH36 | 97.62 |
DCBB3001 | Virgibacillus salarius strain VS-33 | 97.60 |
DCBT4032 | Bacillus haynesii strain INH14A | 97.70 |
DCBS4004 | Staphylococcus cohnii strain S10 | 96.68 |
DCBT4043 | Bacillus altitudinis strain NS7 | 96.60 |
DCBB4101 | Aliifodinibius salipaludis strain WN023 | 95.21 |

图5 大柴旦盐湖可培养嗜盐细菌潜在新种的系统发育分析。节点上的数字是经过1 000次重复后获得的自展值;括号内的数字代表了这些参考菌株和分离菌株的16S rRNA基因序列在GenBank中的登录号。标尺表示进化距离。
Figure 5 Phylogenetic analysis of potential new species of culturable halophilic bacteria from the Da Qaidam Salt Lake. Numbers at the nodes are bootstrap values obtained after 1 000 replicates. The numbers in parentheses represent the accession numbers in the GenBank for 16S rRNA gene sequences of those reference strains and isolated strains. The scale bar represents evolutionary distance.
2.6 大柴旦盐湖产嗜盐酶细菌筛选
从大柴旦盐湖分离的嗜盐细菌中,选取分属于18属45种的代表菌株进行蛋白酶、纤维素酶、淀粉酶、酯酶等4种胞外酶活性的检测。结果显示,45株被测菌株中,有40株至少具有1种胞外功能酶活性,酶活性菌株检出率为88.89%。具备被测酶活性的菌株分布于16个属,仅大洋芽孢杆菌属(Oceanobacillus)和Pseudalkalibacillus这2个属的菌株中未检测到被测功能酶活性。筛选出蛋白酶活性菌株18株,检出率为40.0%;纤维素酶活性菌株14株,检出率为31.1%;淀粉酶活性菌株18株,检出率为40.0%;对吐温-80有酯酶活性的菌株24株,检出率为53.3%;对吐温-60有酯酶活性的30株,检出率为66.7%;对吐温-40有酯酶活性的24株,检出率为53.3%;对吐温-20有酯酶活性的26株,检出率为57.8% (
Genus | Strain No. | Enzyme activity | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protease | Cellulase | Amylase | Tween-80 | Tween-60 | Tween-40 | Tween-20 | ||
Halomonas | DCBB3011 | - | - | - | - | + | - | - |
DCBB2002 | - | - | - | + | + | + | + | |
DCSR3011 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
DCBR2011 | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | |
Bacillus | DCBT4032 | - | - | + | - | + | + | + |
DCBT4043 | - | - | - | + | - | + | + | |
DCBR2021 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
DCBT1021 | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | |
DCSR2052 | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
DCSR3003 | - | - | + | + | + | + | - | |
DCSR3041 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
DCBS1032 | + | - | - | - | + | + | + | |
DCBG3011 | - | + | - | + | + | + | + | |
Virgibacillus | DCBB3001 | - | - | - | - | + | - | + |
DCBT1022 | - | + | - | + | + | - | + | |
DCBS3011 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
DCBE0001 | + | + | - | + | + | - | - | |
DCSE7001 | + | - | - | + | + | - | - | |
DCBR1021 | - | - | + | - | + | - | + | |
Bradyrhizobium | DCBR2051 | + | + | + | - | + | + | + |
DCBR2041 | + | - | + | + | + | + | + | |
DCBR2052 | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | |
Vreelandella | DCBB1003 | + | - | + | + | + | - | - |
Staphylococcus | DCBS4004 | - | - | + | + | + | + | + |
DCBO2003 | - | - | - | - | + | + | - | |
DCBR1011 | - | - | - | + | + | - | + | |
DCBO1001 | + | + | - | - | - | - | + | |
Oceanobacillus | DCBB1023 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Idiomarina | DCBB2023 | - | - | - | + | + | + | + |
Alkalibacillus | DCBT1111 | + | - | - | - | + | - | + |
DCBG2041 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
DCBO3001 | + | - | - | - | + | + | + | |
DCBB4011 | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | |
Halobacillus | DCBB4051 | - | + | - | + | - | - | - |
Halovibrio | DCSR3002 | + | - | + | + | - | + | + |
Pseudomonas | DCSE7001 | + | - | - | + | + | + | - |
DCBA1001 | - | - | + | + | + | - | + | |
Planococcus | DCSB2004 | + | - | - | - | - | - | - |
DCBG2012 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Marinobacter | DCSB3002 | + | - | + | + | + | + | - |
Kocuria | DCBR3041 | - | + | + | - | - | + | + |
DCSE5121 | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | |
Gracilibacillus | DCBS4002 | - | + | - | - | - | - | - |
Pseudalkalibacillus | DCBG5001 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Fodinibius | DCBB4101 | - | - | - | + | - | - | - |
+: 阳性;-: 阴性。
+: Positive; -: Negative.
从
3 讨论
3.1 大柴旦盐湖嗜盐细菌多样性
大柴旦盐湖是一个高盐盐湖,嗜盐古菌和嗜盐细菌资源均十分丰富。本研究基于高通量测序法从大柴旦盐湖中获得的免培养嗜盐细菌分类于19门53纲92目133科153属,基于不同分离培养方法获得的可培养嗜盐细菌分类于4门5纲8目12科22属。可培养嗜盐细菌所属的4个门均在免培养结果中被检测出,其中Pseudomonadota和Actinomycetota为免培养测序结果中的主要优势菌门。可培养和免培养结果中的共有细菌菌属包括Halomonas、Halospina、Idiomarina、Pseudomonas、Bradyrhizobium、Bacillus、Virgibacillus、Kocuria和Fodinibius,其中可培养结果中的优势菌属Bradyrhizobium也为免培养测序结果中的优势菌属,证明了本培养方案的有效性。
与其他盐湖分离培养的嗜盐细菌多样性结果对比,大柴旦盐湖水泥样本中分离获得的4种嗜盐细菌门类与马欣
田蕾
3.2 嗜盐细菌分离培养方法
本研究中的优势培养基为2216E、1/2 R2A、1/10 2216E和1/10 TSA培养基,均为寡营养培养基,说明寡营养培养法可显著提升细菌的分离培养效果,与Pulschen等在南极洲的研究结
3.3 大柴旦盐湖嗜盐细菌产酶活性
本研究筛选出了一批具有产多种胞外嗜盐酶的嗜盐细菌,共分布于16个不同的属。其中,产淀粉酶菌株涉及11属,产蛋白酶菌株涉及11属,产纤维素酶菌株涉及8属,产酯酶菌株涉及14属。不同盐湖的理化特性不同,其分离菌株的胞外水解酶活性也存在差
4 结论
大柴旦盐湖水泥样本中嗜盐细菌的多样性较为丰富,且具有较高的嗜盐酶活性,在酶学应用方面具有很大的潜力,值得进一步研究。采用寡营养培养基、富集培养方法和适度样本稀释能显著增加可培养嗜盐细菌的多样性,可为后续盐湖嗜盐微生物的分离培养方法优化提供参考。
作者贡献声明
许倩钰:数据采集与处理、论文撰写和修改;王倩倩:数据分析、论文修改;吕佳萱:数据采集与绘图;朱德锐:论文修改;邢江娃:研究构思与设计、论文修改。
利益冲突
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
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