摘要
由青枯劳尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)引起的番茄青枯病,严重影响番茄的产量和品质,给番茄种植业带来了巨大的经济损失和挑战。
目的
实现链霉菌对番茄青枯病的高效生物防治,为生防链霉菌菌剂的开发提供理论基础。
方法
从土样中筛选出6株对青枯劳尔氏菌具有良好抑菌效果的放线菌(AB_1-AB_6)。分别对菌株进行形态、生理生化和分类鉴定,分析菌株的多种胞外酶活性及根际定殖能力,并进一步通过温室盆栽试验评估菌株对番茄青枯病的生防效果。
结果
六株放线菌对青枯劳尔氏菌的抑菌圈范围为1.76-6.76 cm。经16S rRNA基因序列比对发现,6株放线菌均属于链霉菌属,其中菌株AB_1与Streptomyces gardneri相似度为98.67%,AB_2与S. pratensis相似度为97.59%,AB_3与S. diastatochromogenes相似度为97.33%,AB_4与S. canus相似度为96.54%,AB_5与S. albiflavescens相似度为96.94%,AB_6与S. gramineus相似度为97.34%。盆栽试验结果显示6株链霉菌对番茄青枯病的防效达到69.23%-100.00%。6株链霉菌均能良好地定殖于番茄根际,且具有多种胞外酶活性,如酯酶、淀粉酶、脲酶等,同时也具有广泛的碳氮源利用能力,较强的pH和盐耐受能力等。
结论
六株链霉菌具有良好的环境适应性及番茄根际定殖能力,且对番茄青枯病均展现出良好的盆栽防控效果。本研究结果符合农业绿色发展理念并为链霉菌在番茄青枯病的防治和管理过程中提供了实验基础与理论依据。
番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)是一种重要的经济型作物,其产量在我国设施农业中位居首
在农业生产中,对番茄青枯病的防治主要有化学防治、农艺措施和生物防治3种方式。化学防治快速有效,但大量施用化学农药会导致环境污染和健康问题。因此,目前更倾向于使用低毒、低残留的化学试剂,如3,4,5-三羟基苯甲酸甲酯,该试剂可破坏青枯菌的细胞壁并提高番茄根系对青枯病的防御能
本研究旨在获得对番茄青枯病具有良好防控效果的链霉菌。以青枯病病原菌为靶标,对链霉菌进行拮抗活性测试,并通过形态学、分子生物学和一系列生理生化试验对分离的菌株进行深入研究。测试其产多种胞外酶的能力以及适应环境的潜力,并结合温室盆栽试验进一步探究链霉菌对番茄青枯病的生防效果。本研究可为研制出环保、高效的链霉菌菌剂提供理论依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 材料
2020年,从南京市东郊麒麟镇后村(118°57′E,32°03′N)的健康番茄种植园采集土体土。链霉菌菌株的分离培养基为高氏一号培养
供试病原菌:青枯劳尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum) QL-Rs1115,GenBank登录号为GU390462。
供试番茄品种:‘红矮生’番茄品种。
1.2 菌株分离纯化
将土样置于阴凉通风处自然阴干,随后放入无菌研钵中研磨成粉末。称取5 g土样粉末,置于装有45 mL无菌水和少量玻璃珠的250 mL三角瓶中,置于摇床中摇匀(280 r/min,12-20 min,28 ℃),此时土壤悬液的稀释度为1
1.3 拮抗青枯菌菌株的筛选
使用无菌接种环挑取青枯菌(R. solanacearum) QL-Rs1115,划线于SMSA培养基,置于30 ℃恒温培养箱中培养36 h后,挑取呈红色且稍具流动性的菌落,接种于NB液体培养基中,置于30 ℃、170 r/min摇床培养过夜。将青枯菌菌液以6 000 r/min离心10 min,弃去上清液后收集菌体并用0.9%生理盐水重悬,通过测量吸光度的方式,将菌悬液浓度调整到1
1.4 菌株形态特征、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析
将目标菌株在ISP3培养基上划线,于28 ℃培养5 d。使用由美国国内色彩研究学会(Inter Society Colour Council)制作,并由美国国家标准局(National Bereau of Standand)整理而成的 “ISCC-NBS色彩名称表示法” 对菌落颜色进行比
挑取目标菌株单菌落接种于NB培养基中培养4 d,收集菌体后用无菌去离子水洗涤并重悬。使用Invitrogen PureLin
1.5 菌株在番茄根际定殖能力及生防效果评估
目标菌株孢子悬液涂布于ISP3固体培养基上,28 ℃培养7 d后,用无菌刮铲刮下孢子,与无菌水混合,使用血球计数板调整孢子浓度至1
(1) |
(2) |
式中:Nd为给定病害等级的患病植株数,Cd为对应病害等级,Ts为调查植株总数,Ad为实际最高病害等级,DICK为QL-Rs1115处理的病情指数,DIT为链霉菌处理的病情指
2 结果与分析
2.1 菌株对番茄青枯病病原菌的拮抗活性测定
经筛选后,6株链霉菌(AB_1-AB_6)对青枯病病原菌的抑制效果良好(

图1 链霉菌对番茄青枯菌的抑制活性
Figure 1 Inhibition effects of Streptomyces strains on Ralstonia solanacearum.
2.2 菌株的分子生物学鉴定
通过对菌株的16S rRNA基因进行序列比对分析(

图2 各链霉菌菌株及其最高相似菌株基于16S rRNA基因序列采用临近法构建的系统发育树。括号内为GenBank登录号;百分数为自展值;标尺为每个位点有0.005 0个核苷酸取代;加粗菌株为本研究菌株。
Figure 2 Phylogenetic tree constructed by the neighbor-joining method based on 16S rRNA sequences of Streptomyces strains and their highest similarity strains. GenBank accession numbers are provided in parentheses; The percentages represent bootstrap values; Bar, 0.005 0 nucleotide substitutions per site; Strains highlighted in bold are those studied in this paper.
2.3 链霉菌的形态特征
链霉菌AB_1-AB_6的菌落呈现圆形或椭圆形,中心微微凸起,质地干燥,边缘呈锯齿状或光滑。通过扫描电镜观察链霉菌孢子,并结合“ISCC-NBS色彩名称表示法”对菌落颜色进行比对(

图3 链霉菌形态学特征(菌落形态及孢子丝形态)
Figure 3 Morphological characteristics of Streptomyces strains (colony morphology and spore filament morphology).
2.4 链霉菌生理生化特征研究
链霉菌的生理生化指标测试参照《链霉菌鉴定手册
Characteristics | AB_1 | AB_2 | AB_3 | AB_4 | AB_5 | AB_6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature range for growth (℃) | 10-37 | 10-37 | 10-37 | 10-37 | 10-40 | 10-40 |
pH range for growth | 5-11 | 6-11 | 5-11 | 5-11 | 5-11 | 5-10 |
NaCl range for growth (%) | 0-3 | 0-3 | 0-5 | 0-5 | 0-5 | 0-3 |
Diastase | + | - | + | + | + | + |
Cellulase | - | - | + | - | - | - |
Hydrolysis of Tween-20 | - | + | - | - | - | - |
Hydrolysis of Tween-40 | - | + | + | + | + | + |
Hydrolysis of Tween-80 | + | - | - | - | - | + |
Production of H2S | - | + | - | + | + | + |
Production of IAA | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Urease | - | + | + | + | + | - |
Nitrate reduction | + | + | + | - | + | + |
Liquefaction of gelatin | - | + | - | + | + | - |
+:阳性;-:阴性。
+: Positive; -: Negative.
Carbon and nitrogen source | AB_1 | AB_2 | AB_3 | AB_4 | AB_5 | AB_6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
l-arabinose | + | - | + | + | - | + |
d-fructose | - | + | - | - | - | - |
d-galactose | - | - | - | + | - | - |
Dulcitol | - | - | - | - | - | + |
d-glucose | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Inositol | - | - | - | + | - | + |
Lactose | - | - | - | - | - | + |
d-mannitol | + | + | - | + | + | + |
d-mannose | - | - | - | + | - | - |
d-raffinose | - | - | - | - | - | + |
l-rhamnose | - | + | - | - | - | + |
d-ribose | - | - | + | - | + | + |
d-sorbitol | - | - | - | - | - | + |
d-sucrose | - | - | - | - | - | - |
d-xylose | - | - | - | - | - | - |
l-alanine | - | + | - | - | - | + |
l-arginine | + | - | + | + | + | + |
l-asparagine | + | - | + | + | + | + |
l-aspartic acid | + | + | - | + | + | + |
l-glutamic acid | + | - | + | + | + | + |
l-glutamine | + | - | + | + | + | + |
Glycine | - | + | + | + | + | + |
l-proline | - | - | + | + | + | + |
l-serine | - | + | + | + | + | + |
l-threonine | + | + | + | + | + | + |
l-tyrosine | + | + | + | - | + | + |
+:阳性;-:阴性。
+: Positive; -: Negative.
2.5 链霉菌的根际定殖能力及对番茄青枯病的盆栽防治效果
通过观察与统计链霉菌的根际定殖能力及防控番茄青枯病的盆栽试验数据(表3-4,

图4 不同链霉菌对番茄青枯病的盆栽防治效果
Figure 4 Pot experiment results on the control efficacy of different Streptomyces strains against tomato bacterial wilt.
t/d | AB_1 | AB_2 | AB_3 | AB_4 | AB_5 | AB_6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 8.13±0.13 | 8.83±0.04 | 2.22±0.05 | 2.38±0.19 | 6.83±0.06 | 4.30±0.02 |
20 | 6.70±0.28 | 9.43±0.17 | 1.31±0.09 | 2.09±0.06 | 9.73±0.04 | 2.93±0.27 |
30 | 0.71±0.09 | 1.20±0.05 | 0.18±0.02 | 0.68±0.07 | 0.88±0.07 | 1.28±0.08 |
Treatments | Incidence rate (IR) (%) | P-value of IR | Disease index (DI) | P-value of DI |
---|---|---|---|---|
AB_1 | 11.11±4.54 | 0.002 0 | 9.72±4.09 | 0.001 0 |
AB_2 | 11.11±4.54 | 0.002 0 | 11.11±4.54 | 0.002 0 |
AB_3 | 11.11±9.07 | 0.002 0 | 11.11±9.07 | 0.002 0 |
AB_4 | 16.67±0.00 | 0.006 0 | 16.67±0.00 | 0.005 0 |
AB_5 | 0.00±0.00 | 0.000 2 | 0.00±0.00 | 0.000 2 |
AB_6 | 5.56±4.54 | 0.000 5 | 5.56±4.54 | 0.000 5 |
Disease | 55.56±4.54 | 54.17±3.40 |
3 讨论与结论
番茄青枯病因其病原菌和宿主范围的多样性而难以控制。利用有益微生物及其分泌的次级代谢物防控植物病害的微生物防治策略,具有安全、可持续的特点,符合绿色农业的发展理念,现已成为防控番茄青枯病的研究热
链霉菌作为一类能够产生丰富多样活性次级代谢物的微生物,在植物病害防控领域发挥着积极作用。其代谢产物涵盖了抗生素类、铁载体、胞外酶、多糖类、有机酸以及激素类等多种物
本研究探索了6株活性链霉菌的生理生化特性,这些特性主要集中在淀粉酶、酯酶、脲酶以及硝酸盐还原酶等多种酶的活性上,同时部分菌株还具备产生硫化氢(H2S)等能力。淀粉作为一种关键的高分子化合物和重要的多糖,在微生物的作用下,具有淀粉酶活性的菌株能够将其高效水解为易于吸收利用的单糖。目前,微生物淀粉酶的研究已广泛应用于农业、工业及医药等多个领
作者贡献声明
孙天宇:试验设计及开展,数据收集和统计分析及文章撰写等;朱俊玉:进行试验,数据收集;王世梅:试验方案设计及指导,论文修改及审核;韦中:试验方案设计,试验指导,文章修改等;徐阳春:试验方案设计,论文修改等;沈其荣:试验方案设计及试验指导等。
利益冲突
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
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