摘要
目的
溶磷菌促进土壤不同磷素形态的相互转化是提高土壤有效磷的重要途径。然而,溶磷菌的溶磷能力发挥受土壤质地的影响。因此,研究溶磷菌在不同红壤质地梯度下磷素形态的变化特征,对土壤磷素的高效利用具有重要意义。
方法
采集湖南浏阳4个油茶主栽品种(‘华硕’ ‘华鑫’ ‘华金’和‘长林40号’)的根际土壤,采用平板涂布法、透明圈法、钼锑抗比色法及16S rRNA基因测序等方法,对根际土壤中的溶磷菌株进行分离、纯化、筛选与鉴定,获得一批高效溶磷菌株,并探究这些所得菌株在不同磷源(磷酸铁、磷酸铝、磷酸钙和植酸钙)下的溶磷特性。将溶磷菌接种至珍珠岩添加比例为0、20%和40%的红壤质地中(0%PR、20%PR和40%PR),明确不同红壤质地下磷形态的变化特征。
结果
共分离获得57株溶磷能力稳定的菌株,其中菌株CL37、HS5和CL36的溶磷能力表现较为突出。对这3个菌株进行16S rRNA基因测序鉴定,分别命名为泛菌属(Pantoea sp.) CL37、伯克霍尔德菌属(Burkholderia sp.) HS5和Burkholderia sp. CL36。3个菌株在不同磷源下的溶磷能力差异显著,其中对植酸钙和磷酸钙的增溶能力最强。在20%PR和40%PR红壤质地梯度中,有效磷含量(available phosphorus, AP)比对照组(CK)分别提高了8.90%-54.60%和1.90%-56.00%。溶磷菌接种提高了土壤铁磷(Fe-P)、树脂磷(Resin-P)、碳酸氢钠提取态无机磷(NaHCO3-Pi)和氢氧化钠提取态无机磷(NaOH-Pi)含量,并随着红壤质地梯度呈现先升高后降低的趋势;溶磷菌处理降低了稀盐酸提取态无机磷(HCl-Pi)和残留态磷(Residual-P)的含量,且HCl-Pi在20%PR红壤质地梯度中降幅比0%PR和40%PR的梯度更为明显。单接菌株HS5对土壤Fe-P、Resin-P、NaHCO3-Pi和NaOH-Pi含量的增加总体高于其他处理。相关性分析和随机森林分析表明,AP主要受到Resin-P、铝磷(Al-P)、NaOH-Pi、土壤酸性磷酸酶(soil acid phosphatase, ACP)、土壤脲酶(soil urease, Urease)、pH和氢氧化钠提取态有机磷(NaOH-Po)的影响。
结论
油茶根际溶磷菌在不同红壤质地下的溶磷途径不同,菌株HS5具有较强的磷素转化能力,且在20%PR红壤质地下更有利于促进磷素转化。
磷是植物生长发育所需的一种大量元素,植物主要通过根系吸收土壤中的可溶性磷或通过再分配来满足自身生长发育的需
研究表明,溶磷菌(phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, PSB)能够矿化土壤中的有机磷,并溶解难溶态无机
土壤质地是指不同大小矿物颗粒的组成比例,它影响了土壤的孔隙性及养分分布,进而影响外源菌株在土壤中的定殖与促生性
磷素的有效性依赖于不同磷素形态之间的相互转化,而磷素分级可以指示不同磷素形态对有效磷的贡
油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel.)是我国南方广泛种植的木本油料树种,具有较高的经济价值,主要分布于湖南、江西和广西等丘陵红壤山地。根据国家林业和草原局、国家发展和改革委员会、财政部联合印发的《加快油茶产业发展三年行动方案(2023-2025年)》,到2025年,全国油茶种植面积和产值将分别达到600万h
1 材料与方法
1.1 根际土采集
油茶试验林位于湖南省浏阳市沙市镇和枨冲镇,属亚热带季风气候,平均海拔91 m,土壤类型为红壤。试验林地土壤和基质的养分特征见
Soil source | SOC (g/kg) | TP (mg/kg) | NO (mg/kg) | NH (mg/kg) | AP (mg/kg) | AK (mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Camellia oleifera ‘Huashuo’ in Shashi town | 19.73±5.06a | 352.20±85.02b | 1.27±0.29b | 3.30±0.28b | 37.36±0.35a | 149.25±16.48b |
Camellia oleifera ‘Huaxin’ in Shashi town | 9.84±4.49c | 368.73±138.27b | 0.52±0.19b | 4.09±1.08b | 34.48±12.04a | 110.17±10.91c |
Camellia oleifera ‘Huajin’ in Shashi town | 12.20±4.75bc | 241.07±84.32b | 1.47±0.38b | 3.30±1.07b | 34.72±12.80a | 128.83±37.42bc |
Camellia oleifera ‘Changlin No. 40’ in Chengchong town | 16.36±3.09ab | 340.87±25.24b | 1.44±0.68b | 4.43±1.48b | 4.14±1.82b | 108.00±14.79c |
Central South University of Forestry and Technology | 1.81±0.71d | 545.20±138.69a | 13.30±1.09a | 8.31±0.50a | 11.85±0.35a | 200.33±3.51a |
Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in soil sources (P<0.05); The data in the table are mean±SD.
1.2 培养基
国际植物研究所磷酸盐生长培养基(national botanical research institute’s phosphate growth medium, NBRIP) (g/L):葡萄糖10.00,Ca3(PO4)2 5.00,MgSO4·7H2O 0.25,KCl 0.20,(NH4)2SO4 0.15,MgCl2·7H2O 0.20,琼脂20.00;液体培养基不加琼脂。
LB固体培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10.00,NaCl 10.00,酵母提取物5.00,琼脂20.00;液体培养基不加琼脂。
1.3 溶磷菌的分离与筛选
1.3.1 溶磷菌株的分离及初筛
采用涂布平板法分离溶磷菌。分别吸取0.1 mL的1
1.3.2 溶磷菌株的复筛
选取SI>2.5的菌株接种于LB液体培养基中富集,取菌液在8 000 r/min离心5 min后收集菌体,并用无菌水将其制成菌悬液,调节OD600值为0.6。按1%的接种量接种于75 mL的NBRIP液体培养基中,以接种无活性的菌悬液为对照,在28 ℃、180 r/min摇床中振荡培养5 d,培养液在8 000 r/min离心5 min后取上清液,使用钼锑抗比色法测定有效磷含
1.4 溶磷菌鉴定
将菌板送至北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司,委托其进行DNA提取、纯化及16S rRNA基因序列测定。登录NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)和EzBioCloud (https://www.EzBioCloud.net/)数据库,对菌株的16S rRNA基因序列进行比对,确定与其相似性较高的模式菌。利用MEGA 11.0软件中的邻接法(neighbor-joining method)构建系统发育树。
1.5 溶磷菌对不同难溶磷源的溶磷能力
以NBRIP液体培养基为基础,分别使用等量的磷酸铝(AlPO4)、磷酸铁(FePO4)和植酸钙(C6H6Ca6O24P6)代替。选取复筛后溶磷能力最强的3株菌株(HS5、CL36和CL37),调节菌悬液OD600值为0.6,按1%接种量接种至75 mL的NBRIP液体培养基中,在28 ℃、180 r/min摇床中振荡培养4 d。取10 mL菌液在8 000 r/min 离心5 min,收集上清液,采用钼锑抗比色法和pH计分别测定上清液中有效磷含量和pH值。
1.6 溶磷菌拮抗分析
将菌株在LB固体培养基上进行十字交叉划线,置于28 ℃恒温箱中培养2 d,观察交叉点菌株的生长状况。若生长良好,表明菌株无拮抗作
1.7 不同红壤质地接种溶磷菌试验
1.7.1 菌剂制备
将菌株HS5、CL36、CL37接种于LB液体培养基中,28 ℃、180 r/min摇床培养12 h,取菌液在8 000 r/min离心5 min,弃去上清液后,使用无菌水将菌悬液稀释至OD600值为0.6备用。
1.7.2 供试土壤来源及土壤质地梯度处理
采集中南林业科技大学林地20-60 cm深的红壤,使用可湿性多菌灵稀释500倍后对土壤进行消毒处理,风干后过2 mm筛。向土壤中加入体积分数为0、20%和40%的珍珠岩,模拟不同土壤质地梯
1.7.3 试验设计
在0%PR、20%PR和40%PR红壤质地梯度下进行接菌处理,处理分别为HS5、CL36、CL37、HS5·CL36、HS5·CL37、CL36·CL37和HS5·CL36·CL37,并设置空白对照(CK),每处理15盆,每盆接种10 mL菌剂,混合菌剂由各菌株的菌悬液等量混匀,CK使用无菌水代替。菌剂处理40 d后采集土壤,自然风干,分别过10目和100目筛后用于测定土壤理化性质、磷组分及酶活性。
1.8 指标测定
1.8.1 土壤理化性质及酶活性测定
参考鲍士
土壤酶活性测定。土壤酸性磷酸酶活性(soil acid phosphatase activity, ACP)和土壤脲酶活性(soil urease activity, Urease)分别采用磷酸苯二钠
1.8.2 土壤磷分级
参考Chang
参考Tiessen
1.9 数据处理与分析
使用SPSS 25.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和邓肯检验(Duncan’s test)分析不同接菌处理间的差异,显著性水平设定为P=0.05;利用Rstudio的“randomForest”包进行随机森林模型预测,通过增加均方误差(incremental means squared error, %IncMSE)评估变量的重要性;使用“rfPermute”包分析各变量对模型贡献的显著
2 结果与分析
2.1 溶磷菌株的筛选
分别从‘华硕’ ‘华金’ ‘华鑫’和‘长林40号’ 4个油茶品种中分离出10、14、9和24株溶磷能力稳定的菌株。将这57株溶磷菌株在NBRIP固体培养基上培养7 d后,溶磷系数SI在1.27-3.80之间。其中,SI大于3.00的有9株;2.00<SI<3.00的有16株,菌株CL1的溶磷系数最大,为3.80 (

图1 不同溶磷菌株的溶磷能力
Figure 1 Phosphorus solubilization ability of different PSB strains. A: Transparent circle of inorganic phosphorus dissolved by PSB strains; B: Available phosphorus in the culture medium. The data in the figure are mean±SD. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05).
2.2 溶磷菌株的鉴定
通过EzBioCloud数据库,并利用邻接法对溶磷能力最强的3株溶磷菌株进行序列比对和系统发育树构建。结果如

图2 三株溶磷菌基于16S rRNA基因序列构建的系统发育树
Figure 2 Phylogenetic tree of three PSB strains constructed based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The serial numbers in parentheses are GenBank accession numbers; Bar 0.02 represents sequence divergence; The red circle represents the target strain.
2.3 溶磷菌对不同难溶态磷源的溶磷能力及pH变化
如

图3 溶磷菌处理4 d后的有效磷含量与pH值
Figure 3 Available phosphorous content and pH value of PSB treated for four days. A: Available phosphorus in culture medium; B: pH value in culture medium. The data in the figure are mean±SD. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05).
2.4 外源溶磷菌对不同红壤质地化学特性的影响
外源溶磷菌接种显著影响了红壤中AP、AK和NH
Soil texture | Treatments | AP (mg/kg) | AK (mg/kg) | NH | NO | pH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0%PR | CL36 | 7.46±0.32d | 164.33±1.15b | 7.28±0.26cd | 3.65±0.99cd | 5.18±0.06ab |
HS5 | 12.20±0.44a | 174.33±6.51a | 9.85±0.37a | 4.30±1.49abcd | 5.13±0.02abc | |
C37 | 8.73±0.31bc | 154.67±5.51cd | 8.32±0.33bc | 6.26±0.41a | 5.09±0.03bc | |
CL36·HS5 | 8.14±0.85cd | 146.33±6.66d | 7.69±0.14cd | 3.24±0.15d | 5.04±0.06d | |
HS5·CL37 | 8.64±0.41bc | 159.67±5.51bc | 7.45±0.63cd | 5.91±1.50ab | 5.09±0.03bc | |
CL36·CL37 | 9.09±0.49b | 166.67±6.11ab | 9.36±0.33ab | 4.04±0.61bcd | 5.08±0.02bc | |
HS5·CL36·CL37 | 8.78±0.32bc | 154.67±2.08cd | 6.84±1.77d | 5.42±0.52abc | 5.08±0.05bc | |
CK | 8.36±0.41bc | 146.33±2.08d | 7.49±0.45cd | 3.97±1.86bcd | 5.22±0.11a | |
20%PR | CL36 | 14.33±0.55a | 159.67±7.23ab | 8.43±0.05a | 2.89±0.94bc | 5.12±0.04a |
HS5 | 13.47±1.19a | 168.67±7.51a | 8.64±0.93a | 11.84±1.32a | 4.31±0.10b | |
C37 | 12.25±0.60b | 153.33±1.53bc | 7.80±2.39ab | 3.13±1.28bc | 5.14±0.03a | |
CL36·HS5 | 10.10±0.51cd | 149.33±4.51c | 8.20±0.30a | 4.53±1.62bc | 5.16±0.10a | |
HS5·CL37 | 10.49±0.68c | 161.67±8.08ab | 8.08±0.26ab | 7.65±1.07b | 5.09±0.04a | |
CL36·CL37 | 10.22±0.30cd | 159.33±4.04ab | 6.87±0.12ab | 3.15±0.36bc | 5.23±0.40a | |
HS5·CL36·CL37 | 11.93±0.58b | 153.33±2.08bc | 7.57±1.50ab | 2.72±0.28d | 5.11±0.03a | |
CK | 9.27±0.04d | 147.33±2.08c | 6.05±0.33c | 4.75±0.51c | 5.27±0.03a | |
40%PR | CL36 | 7.45±0.22c | 151.33±3.79b | 7.27±0.59c | 2.70±0.72cd | 5.19±0.05c |
HS5 | 11.41±0.41a | 164.33±8.02a | 12.29±0.67a | 1.85±0.66d | 4.98±0.05d | |
C37 | 7.17±0.49c | 154.00±1.00b | 8.18±0.24b | 3.92±0.75c | 5.27±0.08ab | |
CL36·HS5 | 7.98±0.43c | 159.00±1.00bc | 8.24±0.31b | 3.26±1.51cd | 5.29±0.03ab | |
HS5·CL37 | 9.35±0.21b | 157.33±4.04bc | 9.03±0.46b | 5.81±1.24b | 5.28±0.05ab | |
CL36·CL37 | 8.80±0.73b | 157.67±3.51bc | 8.48±0.33b | 4.13±0.40bc | 5.22±0.03bc | |
HS5·CL36·CL37 | 7.82±0.66c | 159.00±5.29bc | 8.77±0.63b | 8.12±1.33a | 5.23±0.01bc | |
CK | 7.31±0.28c | 154.33±3.21b | 8.76±0.18b | 3.06±0.62cd | 5.32±0.02a |
Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments of PSB inoculation in the same red soil with different texture (P<0.05). The data in the table are mean±SD.
2.5 外源溶磷菌对不同红壤质地磷组分的影响
如

图4 外源溶磷菌对不同红壤质地磷组分的影响
Figure 4 Effect of exogenous PSB on inorganic phosphorus fractions in different red soil textures. A: Resin-P; B: NaHCO3-Pi; C: NaHCO3-Po; D: NaOH-Pi; E: NaOH-Po; F: HCl-Pi; G: conHCl-Pi; H: Residual-P. The data in the figure are mean±SD. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments of PSB inoculation in the same red soil with different texture (P<0.05).
外源溶磷接种提高了不同红壤质地梯度下NaOH-Pi的含量,并随着红壤质地梯度呈先升高后降低的趋势,且菌株HS5处理显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),而其他处理与CK处理相比无显著差异。溶磷菌接种降低了红壤中HCl-Pi和Residual-P含量,其中,在0%PR红壤质地中除HS5·CL36·CL37外,其余处理显著降低了HCl-Pi的含量(P<0.05)。HCl-Pi在0%PR和20%PR红壤质地梯度下HCl-Pi降低较为明显。不同红壤质地梯度下,以单接菌株CL36、HS5和CL37的HCl-Pi含量显著降低。Residual-P含量在20%PR和40%PR红壤质地中均呈下降趋势。
如

图5 外源溶磷菌对不同红壤质地无机磷组分的影响
Figure 5 Effect of exogenous PSB on inorganic phosphorus fractions in different red soil textures. A: Al-P; B: Fe-P; C: Ca-P; D: O-P. The data in the figure are mean±SD. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments of PSB inoculation in the same red soil with different texture (P<0.05).
分别提高了0.60%-15.10%、1.21%-24.50%和6.10%-28.80%,并随着红壤质地梯度表现为先升高后减低的趋势。在0%PR红壤质地梯度下,除CL36和CL36·CL37处理外,其余各红壤质地梯度下溶磷菌处理的O-P含量显著低于CK处理。然而,Al-P和Ca-P在3个红壤质地梯度的变化不同。
2.6 外源溶磷菌对不同红壤质地酶活性的影响
与CK处理相比,溶磷菌接种显著提高了土壤酶活性(

图6 外源溶磷菌对不同土壤质地酶活性的影响
Figure 6 Effect of exogenous PSB on enzyme activity in different soil textures. A: Soil acid phosphatase; B: Soil urease. The data in the figures are mean±SD. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments of PSB inoculation in the same red soil texture (P<0.05).
2.7 土壤磷组分与土壤理化性质及酶活性的关系
相关性分析表明(

图7 土壤磷组分与理化性质和酶活性的相关性分析
Figure 7 Correlation analysis between soil phosphorus fractions, physicochemical properties, and enzyme activity. A: 0%PR; B: 20%PR; C: 40%PR. **: P<0.01; *: P<0.05.
随机森林分析表明(
Indices | %IncMSE | ||
---|---|---|---|
0%PR | 20%PR | 40%PR | |
Resin-P | 8.65** | 13.01** | 1.54 |
NaHCO3-Pi | 3.09 | 1.43 | 3.90 |
NaHCO3-Po | 5.19 | 1.66 | 0.75 |
NaOH-Pi | 7.99* | 14.81** | 10.18** |
NaOH-Po | 2.55 | -0.82 | 9.41** |
conHCl-Pi | -0.16 | 4.87 | 4.60 |
HCl-Pi | -2.64 | 1.79 | -1.82 |
Resdual-P | -0.77 | 1.41 | 6.48* |
Al-P | 8.19* | 1.37 | 9.97** |
Fe-P | 4.34 | 4.67 | 2.63 |
O-P | 1.93 | 3.29 | 5.46 |
Ca-P | 1.91 | -3.83 | 2.23 |
AK | 5.10 | 4.51 | -0.87 |
NH | 6.06* | 4.80 | 5.97 |
NO | -2.58 | 5.68* | 1.69 |
pH | 5.50 | 6.41* | 5.20 |
Uresea | 0.31 | 6.03* | 9.27* |
ACP | 7.16* | -0.22 | 0.10 |
| 72.06% | 57.52% | 72.70% |
**: P<0.01; *: P<0.05.
冗余分析表明(

图8 土壤磷组分与理化性质及酶活性的冗余分析
Figure 8 Redundancy analysis of soil phosphorus fractions, physicochemical properties, and enzyme activity. A: 0%PR; B: 20%PR; C: 40%PR.
油茶根际溶磷菌在不同红壤质地下的溶磷途径存在差异(

图9 外源溶磷菌促进有效磷形成的模式图
Figure 9 Pattern diagram of exogenous PSB promoting soil available phosphorus formation. A: 0%PR; B: 20%PR; C: 40%PR.
3 讨论
3.1 油茶根际高效溶磷菌的溶磷特性
不同磷源条件下,溶磷菌的溶磷能力存在差
3.2 土壤质地影响外源溶磷菌活化养分
蔺宝珺
3.3 土壤质地影响外源溶磷菌促进磷素循环
外源溶磷菌能够加速土壤中稳定态磷向中等活性和活性磷的转
土壤磷素形态与生物和环境因子的相互作用,使磷素的形态始终处于动态变化中。因此,与AP相关性越强的磷素形态,其对AP的贡献越
4 结论
本研究获得的3株油茶根际高效溶磷菌株(CL37、CL36和HS5)均具有利用多种难溶性磷源的能力,且在不同红壤质地下的溶磷途径存在差异。其中,溶磷菌HS5在红壤中表现出较强的磷素利用潜力,尤其在20%PR红壤质地中更有利于促进磷素的转化。本研究为生物菌肥的研制提供了优良的菌种资源,并为油茶生态栽培的田间应用奠定了理论基础。
作者贡献声明
潘忠飞:样品采集、试验设计与实施、数据采集、文稿撰写及修订;熊欢:文稿构思、审阅与修订;尹倩:样品采集、试验实施、数据采集;马容:样品及数据采集;董文统:样品采集;邹锋:方案设计、文稿构思与指导、文稿审阅及修订。
利益冲突
公开声明
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