摘要
沙蒿(Artemisia desertorum)是腾格里沙漠的优势沙生植物,具有显著的抗旱、耐盐碱和固沙能力。
目的
通过探究腾格里沙漠东南缘宁夏沙坡头自然保护区内沙蒿根际与非根际土壤微生物群落多样性,并分析优势菌属与植物之间的潜在关系,为荒漠生态治理提供理论依据。
方法
以固沙42年的沙蒿根际和非根际土壤为研究对象,并以20 cm深且无植物覆盖的流沙为对照,运用高通量测序技术分析其真菌和细菌群落特征,并对其土壤理化性质进行分析。
结果
根际和非根际土壤的全氮(total nitrogen, TN)、碱解氮(alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, AN)、速效钾(available potassium, AK)均显著高于流沙区域(P<0.05)。根际土壤的速效磷(available phosphorus, AP)、速效钾(AK)、有机质(organic matter, OM)和电导率(electrical conductivity, EC)显著高于非根际土壤(P<0.05);尽管根际土壤的全氮(TN)、全磷(total phosphorus, TP)、碱解氮(AN)和pH (potential of hydrogen)值略高于非根际土壤,但差异不显著。根际土壤的细菌多样性和丰度低于非根际土壤,而真菌多样性和丰度较高。根际与非根际土壤的特有微生物操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)均多于流沙,其中根际土壤的真菌OTUs多于非根际土壤,细菌OTUs则较少。共有优势真菌门包括子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、Unclassified fungal phyla和罗兹菌门(Rozellomycota),主要优势真菌属为假丝酵母菌属(Candida)、异茎点霉菌属(Paraphoma)、链格孢霉菌属(Alternaria)、未分类菌属Unclassified fungal genera和青霉菌属(Penicillium);优势细菌门包括放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria),主要优势细菌属为节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、农霉菌属(Agromyces)和鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)。线性判别分析效应大小(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)分析显示,根际土壤中212个细菌类群和25个真菌类群显著区别于非根际土壤,关键类群分别为子囊菌门和变形菌门。冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)表明,有机质(OM)是土壤微生物群落结构的主要影响因子,与担子菌门、酸杆菌门、绿屈挠菌门和Unclassified fungal phyla呈正相关,与子囊菌门、罗兹菌门、放线菌门、变形菌门和拟杆菌门呈负相关。
结论
在腾格里沙漠东南边缘,种植沙蒿显著提升了根际土壤养分水平及真菌群落的多样性与丰度,从而增强了土壤生态系统的稳定性。本研究为区域生态修复提供了理论支持,并为沙蒿生态恢复效果的优化与可持续管理提供了科学依据。
腾格里沙漠作为典型的干旱地区,其自然环境长期受到水资源匮乏、极端气候、强烈风蚀和气温升高的影响,这些因素加剧了沙漠化过
当前研究主要集中于宏观层面,例如评估沙坡头自然保护区植被覆盖变
沙蒿(Artemisia desertorum)是腾格里沙漠的主要沙生植物,具备抗旱、耐盐碱和固沙能力,广泛分布于内蒙古、新疆、甘肃、宁夏和陕西等干旱地区。沙蒿因其优异的生态功能,在防风固沙和植被恢复中具有重要应用价
随着气候变化和环境恶化,腾格里沙漠的蒸发量增加,土壤可用水分急剧减少,水盐胁迫加剧。与森林和草原生态系统相比,沙漠生态系统中的微生物群落研究较少,需要进一步探讨其在荒漠化防治和植被恢复中的作用。因此,本研究旨在系统分析沙坡头腾格里沙漠东南缘人工防沙林中沙蒿的根际和非根际微生物的数量、群落结构及多样性,筛选具有生态功能的优势菌种,为沙漠化治理和植被恢复提供理论支持,并为未来生态防沙治沙工程的创新提供科学依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 研究区概况
采样地点位于中国西北部的干旱区域,具体位置在腾格里沙漠的东南边缘,地理坐标为37°26′06″N-37°37′25″N,104°55′42″E-105°11′54″E。该地点位于宁夏沙坡头国家自然保护区内,平均海拔高度为1 339 m,处于草原与荒漠的过渡地带。这里的气候属于典型的温带大陆性气候,该气候下的地区降水量少、蒸发量大,降水主要集中在每年的6-8月,年均降水量约为186 mm,而蒸发量高达3 000 mm。该地区阳光充足,温差大,年平均气温约为9.6 ℃,每年平均有约59 d的沙尘暴天气。土壤类型主要包括沙质土壤,主要植被类型有乔木(如胡杨等)、灌木(如柠条锦鸡儿、沙蒿、花棒等)和草本(如猪毛菜、沙米等)。
1.2 样品采集
2022年6月,在固沙42年的人工固沙林内采集土壤样品。选取以沙蒿为主要固沙植物的健康、大小均匀、生长状况一致的植株作为样本。清除表面枯枝落叶等杂质后,用经过乙醇消毒的铁锹从植物基部逐层挖取上层土壤,直至暴露根系。通过摇晃根部掉落非根际土,与附着在根际表面的土壤分离。无植物覆盖的流沙区域(深20 cm)作为对照样本。分别从3个平行样品中均匀混合取样,将根际土和非根际土置于密封袋中,标注取样时间、地点和编号,并迅速存放于含有干冰的冷冻保温箱中。将所有土壤样品分为2部分存放在实验室内:一部分进行自然风干,测定土壤理化性质;剩下部分过2 mm筛后,冻存于-80 ℃冰箱备用。
1.3 土壤理化性质测定
使用pH计和电导率仪分别以1:5的土壤和去离子水溶液测定pH和电导率(electrical conductivity, EC);采用半微量开氏法测定全氮(total nitrogen, TN);采用碱解扩散法测定碱解氮(alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen, AN);采用氢氧化钠熔融-钼锑抗比色法测定全磷(total phosphorus, TP);采用中碱性土壤的0.5 mol/L NaHCO3法测定速效磷(available phosphorus, AP);采用醋酸铵-火焰光度法测定速效钾(available potassium, AK)以及重铬酸钾法容量-外加热法测定有机质(organic matter, OM
1.4 土壤微生物多样性测定
使用DNeasy Power Soil Kit (Qiagen公司)从土壤样本中提取总基因组DNA,用NanoDrop分光光度计(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)测定DNA的吸光值得到DNA的浓度,以1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳评估DNA的质量和完整性。将调整至50 ng/µL浓度的DNA溶液保存在-20 ℃冰箱中。对细菌16S rRNA基因的V3-V4高变区及真菌ITS1区进行扩增,引物序列为338F (5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′);ITS1F (5′-CTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGAAAA-3′)和ITS1R (5′-GCTGCGCTTTCATCGATGC-3′)。PCR由上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司完成,并使用Illumina MiSeq测序平台进行土壤微生物多样性测定。
1.5 数据统计及分析
原始数据已提交至NCBI数据库(https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/),并使用SRA Toolkit在线工具(https://github.com/ncbi/sra-tools)进行处理,获得登录号为PRJNA1227252。在对Illumina测序数据进行拼接、筛选、剔除非特异性嵌合序列后,获得了高质量的基因片段。在此基础上,以高达97%的序列相似度为基础,对其进行操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)分割。利用SPSS软件对样本数据进行单因子变异数分析,Duncan方法对样本数据进行处理,并对数据进行均值±标准差表达,以及α多样性差异性分析。利用Python 3.12对多层次物种分化鉴别(LDA效应尺度) [线性判别分析效应大小(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)]进行验证。用Circos v0.69-9绘制了样品-物种的图表。利用VIF (2.4.3)软件包和Canoco 5.0软件进行冗余分析。
2 结果与分析
2.1 土壤理化性质分析
如
Item | LS | FG | G |
---|---|---|---|
TN | 0.011±0.007b | 0.024±0.005a | 0.025 8±0.004 0a |
TP | 0.193±0.017a | 0.200±0.012a | 0.206±0.004a |
AN | 0.728±0.425b | 2.072±0.546a | 2.128±0.730a |
AP | 0.022±0.003b | 0.022±0.013b | 0.041±0.009a |
AK | 83.788±2.265c | 101.714±2.004b | 127.408±5.448a |
OM | 2.447±1.591b | 1.791±0.263b | 6.867±2.977a |
PH | 7.340±0.140a | 7.340±0.120a | 7.390±0.130a |
EC | 42.080±2.720b | 48.280±4.150b | 65.040±13.840a |
FG:非根际土;G:根际土;LS:流沙土,下同。表中字母“a-c”表示两两比较是否有显著差异,字母相同的表示无显著差异。
FG: Non-rhizosphere soil; G: Rhizosphere soil; LS: Sandy soil, the same as below. In the table, the letters “a-c” indicate whether there are significant differences between each pair of comparisons. Letters that are the same indicate no significant difference, while letters that are different indicate a significant difference.
2.2 土壤生物群落丰度和多样性分析
2.2.1 α多样性指数组间差异分析
如
微生物 Microbial | 土壤类型 Soil style | 丰度指数 Abundance index | 多样性指数 Diversity index | 覆盖率 Coverage (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sobs | ACE | Chaol | Simpson | Shannon | |||
真菌 Fungi | LS | 55.00±12.00b | 55.93±12.00b | 55.07±12.00b | 0.130±0.113a | 2.920±0.560a | 0.999 98±0.000 01 |
G | 294.80±48.00a | 326.17±56.00a | 322.25±56.00a | 0.130±0.061a | 3.360±0.530a | 0.999 06±0.000 10 | |
FG | 241.80±91.00a | 250.23±98.00a | 251.39±100.00a | 0.093±0.048a | 2.290±0.520a | 0.999 67±0.000 40 | |
细菌 Bacteria | LS | 1 641.00±189.00c | 1 760.35±210.00b | 1 786.34±216.00c | 0.008±0.005a | 5.630±0.220b | 0.995±0.001 |
G | 2 213.60±258.00b | 2 899.42±366.00a | 2 827.61±342.00b | 0.010±0.010a | 6.020±0.210a | 0.985±0.002 | |
FG | 2 741.60±270.00a | 3 319.87±417.00a | 3 304.20±387.00a | 0.010±0.005a | 6.220±0.127a | 0.980±0.003 |
2.2.2 土壤OTU丰度分析
基于OTUs分类结果绘制Venn图显示(

图1 沙蒿根际、非根际和流沙土壤真菌(A)和细菌(B)的Venn图
Figure 1 Venn diagrams of fungal (A) and bacterial (B) communities in the rhizosphere, non-rhizosphere and sandy soils.
2.3 根际与非根际土壤微生物的群落结构差异
2.3.1 真菌群落结构
在门水平上,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、Unclassified fungal phyla和罗兹菌门(Rozellomycota)是优势类群,共占所有分类单元序列的98.24%-99.48% (

图2 沙蒿根际与非根际土壤真菌Circos样本与物种关系图。A:门水平;B:属水平。
Figure 2 Circos sample and species relationship of the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil fungi of Artemisia desertorum. A: Phylum level; B: Genus level.
2.3.2 细菌群落结构
在门水平上,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)是优势类群,共占所有分类单元序列的80.35%-89.70% (

图3 沙蒿根际与非根际土壤细菌Circos样本与物种关系图。A:门水平;B:属水平。
Figure 3 Circos sample and species relationship of the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil bacteria of Artemisia desertorum. A: Phylum level; B: Genus level.
2.4 土壤微生物群落的LEfSe分析
沙蒿根际土壤与非根际土壤之间共有25个真菌分类群存在显著差异(P<0.05, LDA>3)。非根际(FG)中真菌群落的优势类群是Unclassified fungal phyla,而根际(G)中的优势类群为子囊菌门(Ascomycota) (

图4 沙蒿根际与非根际土壤真菌(A)和细菌(B)的LEfSe分析进化分支图(从门到属水平)
Figure 4 Evolutionary branch graph of LEfSe analysis of the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil fungi (A) and bacteria (B) of Artemisia desertorum (from phylum to genus level).
2.5 土壤微生物群落结构与土壤理化因子间的关系
通过VIF分析(
土壤理化 Soil physicochemical properties | VIF值 Variance inflation factor |
---|---|
pH | 13.238 280 |
EC | 4.162 495 |
TN | 5.194 918 |
TP | 2.334 204 |
AN | 3.201 243 |
AP | 19.953 530 |
AK | 26.549 330 |
OM | 5.704 615 |

图5 沙蒿根际与非根际土壤优势真菌门与土壤环境因子冗余分析。优势真菌门:Asc (子囊菌门)、Bas (担子菌门)、unclassify (未分类菌门)、Roz (罗兹菌门);优势细菌门:Act (放线菌门)、Pro (变形菌门)、Bac (拟杆菌门)、Chll (绿屈挠菌门)、Aci (酸杆菌门)。
Figure 5 RDA and soil environment factors of Artemisia desertorum. The blue arrows represent fungi and the red arrows represent quantitative environmental factors. Dominant fungi at phylum level: Asc (Ascomycota), Bas (Basidiomycota), unclassify (unclassified fungal phyla), Roz (Rozellomycota); Dominant bacteria at phylum level: Act (Actinobacteriota), Pro (Proteobacteria), Bac (Bacteroidota), Chl (Chloroflexi), Aci (Acidobacteria).
3 讨论
本研究表明,沙蒿根际土壤的全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、有机质(OM)、pH值及电导率均显著高于流沙土和非根际土壤(P<0.05)。由于植物根际富含土壤微生物,植物凋落物和分泌物促进了土壤养分的积累,所以土壤微生物在保持水分和养分以及促进生态系统恢复中起关键作
土壤微生物是土壤生态系统不可或缺的组成部分。其种类多样性和丰度是评估土壤质量和肥力的重要间接指
测序结果表明,沙蒿根际土壤中的子囊菌门是主要的真菌类群,其在根际土壤中的相对丰度比非根际土壤高出9.55%。子囊菌门是真菌界中种类最丰富的门类,占真菌总数的约40%。Suleiman
在优势真菌群落中,假丝酵母菌属(Candida)及青霉菌属(Penicillium)在根际土壤中的相对丰度较高,且高于非根际土壤。研究表明,这两类真菌能够参与土壤污染物修
4 结论
在腾格里沙漠东南边缘,沙蒿的种植提高了真菌群落的多样性和丰度,也提高了非根际土壤细菌群落的数量和多样性,从而增强了土壤生态系统的稳定性。同时,沙蒿的种植显著提升了根际土壤养分水平。土壤有机质对沙蒿根际真菌群落的组成有重要影响。综上所述,沙蒿的种植有利于提高干旱胁迫下植物的抗逆性和荒漠生态系统的稳定性,为保护生物多样性提供了依据,促进了该地区生态环境的恢复,并为沙蒿生态恢复效果的优化与可持续管理奠定了基础。
作者贡献声明
陈嘉鑫:提出概念、数据分析、撰写文章;申建香:数据收集监管;王磊:项目监督管理、文章审阅;李虎:文章编辑与审阅;金涛:协助实验操作;李欣宇:执行调研;张波:提供资源;牛金帅:提供资源。
利益冲突
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
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