摘要
目的
研究小麦赤霉病胁迫下植物微生物变化特征以及差异微生物与病原菌丰度的关系,明确植物微生物与病害发生的关系。
方法
本研究通过田间采集健康与患病样本,结合高通量测序分析植物相关微生物组变化特征,并通过实时荧光定量技术测定病原菌丰度,揭示植物微生物群落变化对小麦赤霉病的响应。
结果
小麦赤霉病胁迫下穗部细菌和根际真菌α多样性显著增加,更多的潜在有益菌群在患病小麦穗部富集。与患病植株相比,健康植株具有更强的微生物群落稳定性和网络稳定性。植物微生物多样性可以预测病原菌丰度的变化,其中穗部微生物多样性以及群落稳定性对病原菌丰度变化的解释率最高,达76.95%。较高的真菌多样性和群落稳定性不利于病原菌的定殖。
结论
健康植株和患病植株的微生物组存在显著差异,健康植株穗部稳定的微生物群落和网络互作模式有利于抵抗病原菌的侵染。此外,小麦穗部出现了植物对有益菌群的招募现象,即“呼救”策略,这扩展了植物“呼救”策略的适用范围。最后,本研究通过解析植物微生物组与病害发生的关系,为靶向调控植物微生物组以防治植物病害提供了重要的数据支撑和理论依据。
小麦赤霉病(Fusarium head blight, FHB),又称烂麦头,是一种由真菌病原菌禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)侵染引起的麦类气候性病
随着生物技术的高速发展,众多科研工作者开始对微生物-植物宿主-病原菌之间的互作关系进行深入的探究。其中,植物微生物中的有益菌与植物宿主经过长期的进化与互作,普遍存在共生关系,即植物宿主在其根际、茎叶和籽粒表面及其体内为微生物提供生存空间和养分,栖息于植物体上的微生物则在宿主面临养分吸收、生长发育,以及干旱、重金属、盐分等非生物胁迫,还有病虫害等生物胁迫时,协助宿主发挥相应的功
此外,植物微生物组被誉为植物 “第二大基因组”,是植物基因组的延伸,当植物宿主受到病原菌侵染后,其关联的植物微生物也会出现明显的变化,进而影响植物表
1 材料与方法
1.1 实验设计和样品采集
本研究样品采集自浙江省宁波市(30°5′24″- 30°9′0″N,121°4′12″E-121°8′24″E)小麦田,该区域是小麦赤霉病多发区域,小麦生产常年受到赤霉病的危害。当地年平均气温为18.3 ℃,土壤类型为中咸土,每年执行小麦-玉米轮作。
在小麦赤霉病发生时期,分别采集健康和患病的小麦根际土壤和穗部样品(图

图1 实验设计与病原菌丰度检测。A:实验设计分析流程;B:健康与患病小麦穗部表型;C:Wilcoxon test配对检验了健康与患病小麦穗部禾谷镰刀菌丰度差异;D:健康与患病小麦根际土壤禾谷镰刀菌丰度差异。
Figure 1 Experimental design and pathogen Fusarium graminearum abundance. A: Design of experiment s analysis process; B: The phenotype of healthy and diseased wheat panicle; The results (P-values) of Wilcoxon test show the difference between healthy and diseased samples in wheat panicle (C) and rhizosphere soil (D).
1.2 DNA提取和病原菌定量分析
在提取小麦穗内微生物前,对小麦穗部进行表面灭菌处理,具体步骤如下:称取2 g穗用灭菌水冲洗干净表面,然后放置在装有75%乙醇的100 mL无菌离心管中浸泡5 min,紧接着再放入装有2.5%次氯酸钠溶液的无菌离心管中浸泡5 min,再转移到另一个装有75%乙醇的无菌离心管中浸泡30 s,最后弃去乙醇溶液,并用灭菌水反复冲洗5次。取最后洗液300 μL于LB琼脂上25 ℃培养3 d,检查灭菌效
称取0.20 g已进行表面灭菌的小麦穗部组织用液氮预冷,并用研磨机研磨粉碎,土壤称取0.45 g,使用DNeasy PowerSoil Kit (Qiagen公司)提取穗部和根际土壤DNA,具体操作参照试剂盒说明书。DNA提取后利用超微量分光光度计(Implen公司)测量其浓度和质量,最后将DNA提取液放置在-80 ℃储存备用。
禾谷镰刀菌(F. graminearm)定量在LightCycle
1.3 植物微生物高通量测序和生物信息分析
微生物测序分析基于Illumina MiSeq PE250平台,对细菌16S rRNA基因V4区进行扩增时选用的引物对为515F (5′-GTGCCAGCM GCCGCGGTAA-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACHV GGGTATCTAAT-3′
下机数据在QIIME 2 (v.2020.8)平台处理。首先去除barcode和引物序列,并且进行双端合并。然后使用q2-demux插件对原始数据进行拆分和质量过滤,去除平均Phred得分(Q得分)低于20、引物不匹配以及序列长度小于150 bp的原始序列。使用DADA2去
1.4 数据统计及分析
使用R.4.0.2 (http://www.r-project.org)的“vegen”包计算各个样品微生物群落的丰富度和Shannon指数,评估微生物群落的丰富度和均匀度。利用健康与患病小麦间ASVs相对丰度正态分布均值的偏差来计算微生物群落平均变异度来评估群落稳定
利用在线平台(http://huttenhower.sph.harvard.edu/galaxy)进行线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis, LDA),判断健康和患病植株间具有显著差异的物种,然后通过R软件以火山图的形式在ASVs (平均相对丰度>0.05%)水平上展示健康和患病植株根际土壤和穗部的生物标志
基于ASVs水平对健康和患病植株细菌和真菌群落进行跨界微生物共现网络分析。首先过滤掉相对丰度小于0.01%的物种,再使用R语言的“psych”包获得相关性矩阵,最后利用Gephi 0.9.2计算细菌和真菌交互的网络拓扑参数,并实现可视化。基于Wilcoxon test检验确定健康与患病样本间网络稳定性的差异。最后通过线性回归分析分析网络稳定性与禾谷镰刀菌丰度之间的关系。
采用R软件进行随机森林模型(random forest)分析,评估微生物多样性和网络稳定性对禾谷镰刀菌定殖的影响,计算过程使用“randomForest”包进行运算,不同因子贡献度显著性使用“rfPermute”包进行计算。
2 结果与分析
2.1 病原菌丰度
由
2.2 植物微生物多样性及其与病原菌丰度的关联分析
微生物多样性分析结果表明,根际微生物的α多样性(包括细菌和真菌群落)均高于小麦穗部的α多样性(图

图2 健康与患病小麦根际土壤和穗部微生物多样性差异。A:细菌丰富度指数;B:细菌香农指数;C:细菌群落平均变异度;D:真菌丰富度指数;E:真菌香农指数;F:真菌群落平均变异度;G:小麦根际土壤细菌β多样性;H:小麦穗部细菌β多样性;I:小麦根际土壤真菌β多样性;J:小麦穗部真菌β多样性。通过主坐标分析和Adonis2检验了β多样性在不同发病状况小麦间的差异。柱状图和点的颜色代表不同患病状况的小麦,*代表不同发病状况影响的显著水平(*:P<0.05;**:P<0.01;***:P<0.001);ns代表无显著影响。
Figure 2 The differences in rhizosphere soil and panicle microbial diversity between healthy and diseased wheat. A: Bacterial richness index; B: Bacterial Shannon index; C: Bacterial variation degree; D: Fungal richness index; E: Fungal Shannon index; F: Fungal average variation degree; G: Bacterial beta diversity in wheat rhizosphere soil; H: Bacterial beta diversity in wheat panicles; I: Fungal beta diversity in wheat rhizosphere soil; J: Fungal beta diversity in wheat panicles. Principal coordinate analysis and “Adonis2” function were used to test the differences of beta diversity among healthy and diseased wheat. The different colors represent wheat with different disease conditions, and the asterisk (*) represents the significant level of influence of different disease conditions (*: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001). ns stands for non-significant effect.
基于PERMANOVA检验分析发现,健康植株与患病植株微生物群落结构间存在显著差异(图
植物关联的微生物群落与病原菌禾谷镰刀菌丰度的相关性结果显示,在根际土壤中,真菌的丰富度指数和群落变异度与病原菌的丰度显著负相关(P<0.05),细菌群落特征与病原菌丰度不存在显著关联(图

图3 病原菌丰度与小麦微生物多样性指数关联分析。通过线性回归分别将根际土壤和穗部细菌和真菌丰富度指数(A、E)、Shannon指数(B、F)、PCo1值(C、G)和平均变异度(D、H)与病原菌丰度进行相关性分析。*代表多样性指数与病原菌丰度相关性的显著水平(*:P<0.05;**:P<0.01;***:P<0.001)。
Figure 3 The relationship between plant pathogen abundance and wheat microbial diversity. The correlation of pathogen abundance and the richness index for bacteria (A) and fungi (E), the Shannon index for bacteria (B) and fungi (F), the PCo1 values for bacteria (C) and fungi (G) based on Principal coordinate analysis, and the average variation degree for bacteria (D) and fungi (H) were performed using linear regression analysis. * represents a significant level of correlation between the diversity index and pathogen abundance (*: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001).
2.3 植物微生物组成和物种差异分析
在细菌门水平上,根际细菌以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)以及放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)为主,而穗部细菌则表现出不一样的群落组成,主要以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)为主(

图4 健康与患病样本细菌和真菌群落组成。细菌(A)和真菌(C)分别在门水平和纲水平上的群落组成。通过t-test分别分析了健康与患病小麦根际土壤(B)和穗部(D)差异的门和纲。
Figure 4 The composition of bacterial and fungal communities between health and disease samples. Bacterial taxa (A, B) and fungal taxa (C, D) were analyzed at the phylum and class level, respectively. The phylum of rhizosphere soil and class level of panicle of healthy and diseased wheat were analyzed by t-test.
基于ASVs水平差异分析显示,在患病植株根际和穗部分别有13个和73个ASVs富集,其次,仅在细菌中发现有7个ASVs在健康植株根际富集(图

图5 小麦不同患病状况根际土壤和穗部关键微生物及其与病原菌丰度的关系。A:火山图展示小麦根际土壤细菌差异物种;B:火山图展示小麦穗部细菌差异物种;C:火山图展示小麦根际土壤真菌差异物种;D:火山图展示小麦穗部真菌差异物种,括号中的数字代表健康或患病小麦根际土壤和穗部富集的微生物数目;E:根际土壤生物标志物与病原菌禾谷镰刀菌丰度相关性分析,不同颜色的点分别代表细菌和真菌;F:穗部关键物种与病原菌丰度相关性分析,不同颜色的点代表不同的微生物属,红色边代表正相关,绿色边代表负相关。
Figure 5 Key microorganisms in rhizosphere soil and panicle under different disease conditions of wheat and their relationship with pathogen abundance. A: The volcano plot performed the difference of rhizosphere bacterial ASVs; B: The volcano plot performed the difference of rhizosphere fungal ASVs; C: The volcano plot performed the difference of wheat panicle bacterial ASVs; D: The volcano plot performed the difference of wheat panicle fungal ASVs, the numbers in parentheses represent the number of microorganisms enriched in the healthy or diseased wheat rhizosphere soil and panicles; E: Correlation analysis of rhizosphere soil biomarkers and pathogen abundance, yellow and blue represent bacteria and fungi, respectively; F: Correlation analysis of panicle biomarkers and pathogen abundance, the different colors represent different genus. The edges in red and green represent positive and negative correlation pattern.
2.4 微生物共现性网络分析
为了探究小麦赤霉病胁迫对植物微生物互作的影响,在ASVs水平上构建了细菌-真菌跨界共现网络,旨在明确小麦赤霉病对微生物潜在的相互作用的影响。总的来说,小麦穗部微生物网络与根际表现出相反的趋势。小麦穗部在病害发生后表现出更复杂的网络模式,网络节点和网络边数均高于健康植株,而根际土壤微生物网络在病害发生后变得更加简单,其节点和边的数量分别下降了21.77%和31.43% (图

图6 健康和患病小麦根际土壤及穗部的微生物共现网络差异。A:小麦根际土壤健康和患病微生物共现网络;B:小麦穗部健康与患病微生物共现网络,粉色和蓝色点分别代表细菌和真菌,红色和绿色边分别表示正相关和负相关;C:健康与患病小麦分别在根际土壤和穗部的微生物网络稳定性差异;D:根际土壤病原菌丰度与微生物网络稳定性相关性分析;F:小麦穗部病原菌丰度与微生物网络稳定性相关性分析。*代表不同发病状况影响的显著水平和网络稳定性指数与病原菌丰度相关性的显著水平(*:P<0.05;***:P<0.001),ns代表无显著影响。
Figure 6 Visualized networks of microbial co-occurrence patterns in rhizosphere soil and panicle of healthy and diseased wheat. A: Visualized networks of microbial co-occurrence patterns in rhizosphere soil; B: Visualized networks of microbial co-occurrence patterns in panicle. The pink and blue dots represent bacteria and fungi, respectively, and the red and green edges indicate positive and negative correlations, respectively; C: Differences in microbial network stability in rhizosphere soil and panicle between healthy and diseased wheat; D: The relationship between plant pathogen abundance and rhizosphere soil microbial network stability; E: The relationship between plant pathogen abundance and panicle microbial network stability. * represents the significant level of influence of different disease conditions and correlation between network stability index and pathogen abundance (*: P<0.05; ***: P<0.001). ns stands for non-significant effect.
Network | Wheat panicle | Rhizosphere soil | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Health | Disease | Health | Disease | |
Number of nodes | 389 | 452 | 2 457 | 1 922 |
Number of edges | 1 170 | 1 940 | 22 020 | 15 099 |
Positive (%) | 83.13 | 88.67 | 95.15 | 95.51 |
Negative (%) | 16.87 | 11.33 | 4.85 | 4.09 |
Bacterial ratio (%) | 59.64 | 86.06 | 81.56 | 73.73 |
Fungal ratio (%) | 40.36 | 13.94 | 18.44 | 26.27 |
Average degree | 6.02 | 8.58 | 17.92 | 15.71 |
Network diameter | 18 | 14 | 9 | 10 |
Network density | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Modularity | 1.22 | 0.93 | 0.62 | 0.63 |
Average clustering coefficient | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.27 | 0.29 |
Average path length | 6.01 | 5.50 | 3.71 | 3.80 |
2.5 植物微生物群落变化对病原菌丰度的预测
基于以上结果分析,明确了植物微生物多样性、群落组成和微生物互作与病原菌丰度的变化存在关联。为了进一步明确和量化微生物参数对病原菌丰度的影响,通过随机森林模型分别对小麦根际和穗部病原菌丰度进行预测分析。结果表明,在根际土壤中,微生物参数对病原菌丰度变化的解释量仅有5.47%,其中细菌群落变异度和α多样性对病原菌丰度的变化具有显著影响(

图7 微生物多样性和网络稳定性对病原菌丰度的随机森林预测。A:小麦根际土壤微生物多样性和网络稳定性对病原菌丰度的随机森林预测;B:小麦穗部微生物多样性和网络稳定性对病原菌丰度的随机森林预测。*代表不同发病状况影响的显著水平和网络稳定性指数与病原菌丰度相关性的显著水平(*:P<0.05;**:P<0.01)。
Figure 7 Random forest prediction of pathogen abundance by microbial diversity and network stability. A: Random forest prediction of pathogen abundance by rhizosphere soil microbial diversity and network stability; B: Random forest prediction of pathogen abundance by wheat microbial diversity and network stability. * represents the significant level of influence of different disease conditions and correlation between network stability index and pathogen abundance (*: P<0.05; **: P<0.01).
3 讨论
3.1 小麦赤霉病发生影响植物微生物多样性和群落稳定性
当植物受到病原菌胁迫时,会通过释放根系分泌物来招募有益的植物微生物,从而增强自身抵御病原体侵染的抗
3.2 小麦赤霉病发生诱导植物微生物富集,降低网络稳定性
探究与病害关联的微生物类群对于指导植物病害生物防控策略至关重要。本研究继续探究了微生物类群的变化与病害的关系。在门水平上,发现放线菌门在健康的小麦穗部显著富集。放线菌通常被认为是拮抗类细菌,可以通过产生抗真菌化合物或高生态位重叠竞争养分资源抑制真菌病原菌生
综上所述,本研究结果表明小麦赤霉病胁迫下,植物微生物多样性增加,群落稳定性下调,更多潜在有益菌在患病部位富集,微生物网络变得更加复杂,但网络稳定性降低。相应地,健康植株之所以对病原菌侵染表现出较强的抗性,可能更多地归因于微生物群落的稳定性以及抑菌类群的富集。
4 结论
本研究基于高通量测序和基因定量技术对健康植株和患病植株穗部与根际微生物群落比较分析,并将其与病原菌丰度进行关联分析。研究结果表明,小麦赤霉病的发生以及病原菌丰度的变化主要与小麦穗部微生物群落变化有关。植物通常可以通过调节植物微生物群落组成和平衡来维持自身健康,在本研究中发现健康植株微生物群落和网络具有更高的稳定性,且相比患病植株,健康植株穗部的潜在拮抗菌放线菌门显著富集,其他潜在有益菌Pseudomonas、Massilia、Pedobacter、Sphingomonas等在患病小麦穗部富集,这些菌群在前人的研究中被发现可以通过产生抗生素、直接抑制病原菌生长或诱导宿主抗性等途径帮助植物抵御病原菌侵染,具有作为生物防治剂的潜力。
本研究表明微生物群落的稳定性和抑菌类群的富集塑造了更加健康的植物状态。这些微生物群落的变化均与病原菌的丰度显著相关,表明穗部微生物菌群可能在植物抵御病原菌侵染过程中发挥重要作用。本研究从植物微生物对病害胁迫的响应特征入手,为挖掘潜在的生防菌群防治植物病害提供重要的数据支撑,未来的研究需要结合培养组学进一步挖掘植物对有益菌的招募机制和这些微生物类群的抑病机制。
作者贡献声明
王楚涵:样品采集与实验操作、调查研究、数据分析与可视化呈现、写作初稿与修改;吴传发:实验操作、调查研究、数据管理、论文修改;羊健:调查研究、数据分析、指导;陈剑平:调查研究、提供资源、指导;葛体达:实验设计、提供资源、写作审核与编辑;邓扬悟:实验设计、论文构思、写作审核与编辑。
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公开声明
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