摘要
菌丝球的发酵培养、形态分析、代谢产物纯化,以及在污水处理和能源回收等领域的应用研究获得了环境和生物领域学者的广泛关注。全面了解菌丝球相关研究的进展和未来的热点趋势。基于Web of Science数据库,筛选出近20年与菌丝球环境应用相关的1 337篇科技文献,采用可视化方法,进行了关键词聚类、关键词时间趋势分析和关键词国家、作者、发文机构共现分析。发现总发文量总体呈上升趋势,共涉及97个学科类别,跨多学科文章较多,也往往具有更高的引用价值,我国在此领域取得的成果显示出明显的优势,并与其他国家保持密切的合作。热门研究关键词一直保持稳定(growth, morphology, fermentation, removal, degradation, mycelial pellets, biological control, fungi, culture, optimization, biodegradation, biosorption),近年来热度上升和新兴关键词出现了明显的变化。菌丝球在水处理领域的应用研究越来越热,与此相关的关键词(waste water, performance)热度上升;与菌丝球作为生物质载体处理污水(biomass, bacteria)、菌丝球生物合成(biosynthesis)、菌丝球和藻类共生处理污水(Chlorella vulgaris, microalgae)等领域相关的新兴关键词陆续出现并保持热度,表明菌丝球在水处理领域的相关研究逐步划分出更系统的研究方向,成为菌丝球未来的研究热点和机遇。
随着世界各国对水环境质量要求的日益提升,特别是对水环境中高毒性、低浓度及难降解污染物的关注,各种新型水处理方法和材料不断涌现并被广泛应用。菌丝球是丝状真菌发酵的一种特殊形式,与传统水处理材料相比,菌丝球是环境友好型吸附剂和生物强化载体,具有吸附剂和载体常见的特性,包括大比表面积和适当的孔隙
文献计量学是一种基于数字化的统计分析方法,它的优势在于可以将数字化信息通过可视化的方式呈现,更直观地展示特定研究领域的研究轨迹和热点、具有影响力的作者、研究机构的主要研究内容以及合作关
1 研究方法
1.1 数据收集
本研究选用的数据来源于国际公认的代表科学研究水准的数据库(Web of Science)中的核心数据集。鉴于数据库的实时性,所有数据均在同一天(2024年6月7日)进行检索和下载。检索式为TS=(mycelial pellet) OR TS=(mycelium pellet) OR TS=(fungal pellet) OR TS=(fungi pellet),时间范围选取了2004年1月1日至2024年6月1日,检索到2 230篇文献。保留研究论文和综述论文,删除其他如新闻、会议摘要、书籍章节等通常无系统生成关键词的文献类型,得到1 337篇文献供后续分析。
1.2 数据处理
使用CiteSpace和VOSviewer两款工具对文献进行分析。同时,借助Excel和Pajek软件对原始关键词进行预处理。预处理包含以下关键步骤:(1) 设定最小阈值(≥8),筛选出频次高于此阈值的关键词作为预处理的主要对象;(2) 关键词标准化,避免大小写和连字符可能带来的匹配问题;(3) 识别和替换关键词中的同义词和变体词;(4) 校正国家和人名格式。在数据可视化分析方面,结合VOSviewer和Scimago Graphica两款软件的优势,并使用了Origin软件绘制统计图。
2 结果与讨论
2.1 发文量及趋势分析
为了掌握该领域研究热度的变化,推测未来发展趋势,对2004-2023年间发文量进行了分析。如

图1 菌丝球环境应用研究领域年发文量及趋势
Figure 1 The annual number of publications and trend in the field of environmental applications of mycelial pellets.
2.2 文献所属学科分析
文献所属学科统计结果显示,涉及菌丝球及其在环境领域应用的论文共跨越了97个学科类别,显示出该研究主题的广泛性和跨学科特性。发文量排名前15的学科如

图2 菌丝球环境应用研究领域前15学科发文量
Figure 2 The number of publications in the top 15 disciplines in the field of environmental applications of mycelial pellets.
2.3 文献来源期刊分析
学术期刊是展示研究领域学术信息和知识传播成果的重要载体,影响因子(impact factor, IF)是衡量期刊学术水平及发文质量的关键指标。如

图3 菌丝球环境应用领域发文量前25的期刊
Figure 3 The top 25 journals with the highest number of publications in the field of environmental applications of mycelial pellets.
2.4 发文机构分析
在菌丝球及其环境应用研究领域,发文量大于17篇的国家之间的合作关系如

图4 国家、作者及发文机构共现图。A:国家共现图;B:作者共现图;C:发文机构共现图。
Figure 4 Co-occurrence of countries, authors and institutions. A: Co-occurrence of countries; B: Co-occurrence of authors; C: Co-occurrence of institutions.
该领域发文量大于7篇的24位作者之间的共现关系如
发文机构是科研成果的重要来源,代表了一定区域的科研水平和实力。根据论文第一单位,统计分析2004-2024年主要研究机构关于菌丝球及其环境应用研究的发文量,发文量大于9篇的25家研究机构见
3 菌丝球及其在环境领域的应用研究现状及发展趋势
结合文献计量学方法,加深对某一领域研究进展的了解,更全面准确地分析和综述该领域的发展趋势,是当前文献调研的有效手段。通过关键词聚类分析和文献调研研究了菌丝球在环境领域的应用现状和发展趋势。
3.1 形成菌丝球的真菌种类
菌丝球是真菌在氧和碳源等营养充足、淹没振荡培养条件下,菌丝生长缠绕形成的中空球体。根据

图5 菌丝球环境应用领域关键词聚类(VOSviewer)
Figure 5 Keywords clustering in the field of environmental applications of mycelial pellets (VOSviewer).
3.2 菌丝球的培养和形态研究现状
培养条件优化是菌丝球的基础研究(optimization, pH, agitation, submerged culture, submerged fermentation, batch, solid-state)。剪切力、培养基成分、pH值、温度、接种孢子的浓度都是影响菌丝球结构和功能的环境因
菌丝球的形成机制和菌丝球形态结构分析也是基础研究的重要部分(aggregation, pellet formation, image analysis, morphology, fungal morphology, pellet morphology, mycelial morphology, rheology, filamentous microorganisms, filamentous fungal pellet)。菌丝球的形成过程始于孢子的聚集,疏水性是真菌孢子在培养液中聚集的重要原
针对菌丝球最初的研究目的是提高工业生产效率,因此关于真菌代谢产物的生物合成和纯化一直以来都是菌丝球应用研究的热点(biosynthesis, purification, enzyme, ethanol, cellulase, acid, lovastation, gene, protein, expression, oxidative stress)。真菌发酵常用来生产柠檬酸、青霉素、链霉素、各种胞外酶等生物产
利用菌丝球作为生物反应器,原位生物合成纳米材料是近几年新兴的研究方
3.3 菌丝球水处理领域应用研究现状
菌丝球的孔隙结构和表面特性使其具有较大的比表面积和良好的吸附性能,可以作为水处理吸附剂,也可以作为生物质载体,负载功能微生物或环境功能材料,形成自固定菌丝球,防止功能菌剂和材料的流失,提高水质净化效率。依据关键词聚类,菌丝球应用于水处理的相关研究主要集中在以下几个方面。
作为吸附剂,菌丝球在处理染料等高色度废水、含重金属废水和难降解有机废水时表现出较高的效能(dye, azo dyes, heavy-metals, water, waste-water),成本低
形成菌丝球的真菌属于真核生物,相比于以细菌为主的活性污泥,真菌能产生种类更丰富、降解效果更好的胞外酶系,适用于环境浓度低的持久性有机污染物的降解和水环境修复(manganese peroxidase, laccase, degradation, biodegradation, bioremediation, toxicity
在污水处理领域,采用菌丝球作为载体,生物强化具有吸附功能的纳米材料或具有特定降解功能的微生物成为近年来的研究热点(immobilization, mechanism
自Wang
藻类是常见的水生生物,能够产生叶绿素,从而进行光合作用产生氧气,同时在水质净化和生物能源领域具有较大的应用潜力(microalgae, waste-water treatment
3.4 菌丝球在环境领域应用研究的发展趋势
关键词的频次分析和时间趋势分析,有助于了解菌丝球相关研究的发展历程,推测该研究领域未来的发展趋势和可能的研究热
Fyears= | (1) |
F2014-2024=×1 000 | (2) |
F2004-2013=×1 000 | (3) |
TF= | (4) |
式中,fyears是某关键词在某年样本文献中出现的频次,Nyears是某年样本文献的数量,Fyears是某关键词某段时间的标准化累计频次,即某段时间内每1 000篇论文中出现该关键词论文的平均数量,F2014-2024、F2004-2013分别是2014-2024年间、2004-2013年间某关键词的标准化累计频次。
2004-2024年出现频次最高的40个关键词每年的标准化累计频次如

图6 2004-2024年出现频次最高的40个关键词每年的标准化累计频次
Figure 6 The annual normalized cumulative frequency of the top 40 frequent keywords from 2004 to 2024.

图7 2004-2014年出现频次最高的40个关键词基于TF的时间趋势分布
Figure 7 Distribution of temporal trend of the top 40 frequent keywords from 2004 to 2024 based on TF.
如
总的来说,超过一半的趋势上升关键词与水处理过程和水处理材料有关。相反,
4 总结与展望
菌丝球相关的论文数量近20年间呈快速增长趋势,国内外学者围绕菌丝球的形成条件和过程、形态结构、作为吸附剂或生物质载体在环境领域的应用等几个方面开展了大量的研究工作,我国在此领域的研究成果处于领先地位。
菌丝球相关研究起源于工业发酵行业,逐步发展到水处理和能源回收领域。研究热点也从菌丝球相关基础研究(形成机制、结构和传质特性、营养和代谢过程等),逐步发展到环境应用研究(水处理材料和水处理过程等)。菌丝球的应用研究,特别是菌丝球作为生物质载体在水质净化领域的研究起源于我国,也得到更多我国学者的关注。
在环境领域,菌丝球生物吸附去除水中色度和重金属是最早的研究方向。随后,菌丝球开始作为生物质载体,用于强化生物水处理过程、改善环境功能材料原位生物合成及应用的条件和性能、促进好氧颗粒污泥系统的快速启动和稳定运行、促进生物能源产生藻类的回收和再利用等方面。
菌丝球在环境领域的应用将继续作为研究热点,特别是实验室基础上的扩大规模应用研究,将为推进菌丝球环境领域工业化应用提供技术支撑。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
作者贡献声明
王博涵:实施研究过程、设计论文框架、起草论文、修订论文;汪宇:调研文献、数据处理;张斯:设计研究方案、终审论文;迟超:修改、审阅论文;王深研:调研文献、修订论文。
利益冲突
公开声明
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