摘要
二硝基苯胺类农药二甲戊灵作为苗前封闭除草剂,在新疆棉田广泛被用于杂草防控。二甲戊灵化学性质稳定,残留期长,具有生物积累性和生物放大性的特点,其大量使用导致土壤生态系统风险加剧。因此,二甲戊灵残留修复问题受到广泛关注。
目的
富集具有二甲戊灵降解能力的微生物菌群,深入研究二甲戊灵胁迫下富集培养过程中微生物群落的演替特征,确定二甲戊灵降解菌群的关键微生物。
方法
通过富集传代培养法,将长期受二甲戊灵胁迫的棉田土壤接种至含不同浓度二甲戊灵(0、1.2、12 mg/L)的基础无机盐培养基中,进行连续传代培养。采用高通量测序技术探究二甲戊灵胁迫下微生物群落结构的演替规律。
结果
通过富集培养获得了2个具有二甲戊灵降解功能的微生物菌群,其中L4组(低浓度组第4代)在11 d内对1.2 mg/L二甲戊灵的降解率达到100%,H4组(高浓度组第四代)在相同时间内对12 mg/L二甲戊灵的降解率为37.2%。高通量测序分析结果显示,二甲戊灵胁迫显著降低了微生物群落的α多样性,且细菌群落对二甲戊灵胁迫的响应强于真菌群落。二甲戊灵浓度差异显著改变了微生物群落结构。高浓度二甲戊灵胁迫降低了微生物网络的稳定性、复杂性及模块化程度。线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)显示,高浓度组细菌群落中的特征类群为无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)、雷夫松氏菌属(Leifsonia)、Candidatus_Nucleicultrix、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)和金黄杆菌属(Chryseobacterium);低浓度组的特征类群为甲基营养菌属(Methyloversatilis)、假黄单胞菌属(Pseudoxanthomonas)、屈曲杆菌属(Ancylobacter)、甲基红杆菌属(Methylorubrum)、热单胞菌属(Thermomonas)和假黄色细杆菌属(Pseudoflavitalea)。篮状菌属(Talaromyces)、木霉属(Trichoderma)、副顶孢霉属(Paracremonium)、帚霉属(Scedosporium)和Sarocladium为高浓度组真菌群落的特征类群。基于PICRUSt2分析发现,二甲戊灵添加组显著富集了与降解相关的功能途径。属水平物种与二甲戊灵降解相关性分析结果显示,在低浓度组中,Methylorubrum、生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium)、微杆菌属(Microbacterium)、红假单胞菌属(Rhodopseudomonas)和镰孢菌属(Fusarium)与二甲戊灵降解呈正相关;在高浓度组中,Hyphomicrobium、Leifsonia、Rhodopseudomonas、Talaromyces和Trichoderma与二甲戊灵降解呈正相关。
结论
通过不同浓度二甲戊灵胁迫富集获得到了2个具有二甲戊灵降解能力的天然微生物群落。结合高通量测序技术,探究了二甲戊灵降解菌群富集过程中微生物群落的演替规律,初步确定了二甲戊灵降解菌群的关键微生物,为二甲戊灵高效微生物降解菌株的筛选提供了理论依据。
二甲戊灵属于二硝基苯胺类除草剂,作为苗前封闭除草剂,广泛应用于棉花、玉米等多种作物的种植中,在全球范围内被大量使
与传统的化学和物理修复方法相比,生物修复被认为是一种高效、低成本且可持续的替代方
1 材料与方法
1.1 主要试剂和培养基
二甲戊灵原药(纯度为96%)购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;分析级甲醇、二氯甲烷均购自Sigma-Aldrich公司。使用甲醇溶解二甲戊灵,配制成1 g/L的母液,过滤除菌后保存备用。
基础无机盐培养基(g/L):K2HPO4 0.5,KH2PO4 0.5,MgSO4 0.1,NaCl 0.2,pH 7.0±0.2,121 ℃灭菌30 min,用于二甲戊灵降解体系的富集传代。
1.2 土壤采集
选取新疆建设兵团第一师十三团一块长期施用除草剂二甲戊灵的棉田采集土壤样本。棉田位于阿拉尔市,属于塔里木河冲积细土平原。在棉田20 m×5 m的样方内均匀设置5个取样点(深度0-20 cm)进行取样。样品充分混合后作为1个重复,共设置3个生物学重复。将收集到的所有土壤样品一分为二:一部分用干冰运输到实验室并储存在-80 ℃,用于微生物群落测定;另一部分储存在4 ℃,用于土壤理化性质的测定。
1.3 土壤化学性质的测量
采用电位法测定土壤pH值;重铬酸钾氧化法测定有机质含量;酸消解-凯氏定氮法测定全氮含量;乙酸铵溶液浸提-火焰光度计测定速效钾含量;碳酸氢钠浸提-钼锑抗比色法测定有效磷含
1.4 二甲戊灵残留量检测
采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法对二甲戊灵进行定量和定性检测。在待测定的二甲戊灵降解培养液中加入等体积的二氯甲烷,剧烈振荡后静置,待水相和有机相完全分层并出现明显分界线。去除水相后,加入无水硫酸钠以完全去除残留水分,随后吸取有机相至圆底烧瓶中,用氮气吹干。用适量甲醇溶解样品,经0.22 μm孔径尼龙滤膜过滤后,进行HPLC测定分析。
HPLC测定条件:二甲戊灵残留浓度通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)法进行测定,进样量为10 μL。使用Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×100 mm,3.5 μm),流动相为甲醇:水(85:15,体积比),流速为0.8 mL/min,光电二极管阵列检测器的波长为245 nm,柱温为30 ℃。
1.5 降解菌群富集传代体系的构建
采用富集传代培养的方法富集二甲戊灵降解菌群,将5 g采集的土壤样品分别加入95 mL含二甲戊灵终浓度为0 mg/L (N组)、1.2 mg/L (L组)和12 mg/L (H组)的基础无机盐培养基中。富集液在30 ℃恒温摇床中160 r/min避光培养。培养11 d后,取出锥形瓶,将富集液以5%的接种量(5 mL)进行液体转接,转接至新鲜的含二甲戊灵终浓度为0、1.2和12 mg/L的基础无机盐培养基中,在相同的条件下连续培养4代。每次所得的富集液除用于液体转接外,剩余10 mL用于降解菌株分离培养以及二甲戊灵残留量测定,其余部分用于菌体收集(0.22 μm水系滤膜过滤)。采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检测富集传代体系中除草剂二甲戊灵的残留量。
1.6 DNA提取和高通量测序
采用OMEGA Soil DNA Kit (Omega Bio-Tek公司)提取DNA。定量后用引物341F (5′-CCTAYGGGRBGCASCAG-3′)和806R (5′-GG ACTACNNGGGTATCTAAT-3′)扩增细菌16S rRNA基因V3-V4区
1.7 数据分析
原始序列数据经引物切除、序列质量过滤、去噪、拼接和嵌合体去除等处理后,按100%的序列相似度进行归并,生成特征性序列扩增子序列变异(amplicon sequence variants, ASVs)丰度数据表格。细菌和真菌的分类信息分别选用Silva数据库(http://arb-silva.de/)和UNITE数据库(https://unite.ut.ee/)进行注释。由Shannon指数和Chao1指数表征细菌和真菌群落的α多样性。以微生物群落的Bray-Curtis距离对不同浓度二甲戊灵胁迫下富集传代过程的所有样本进行主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis, PCoA),以评估富集传代过程中微生物群落结构的变化。同时,使用置换多元方差分析(permutational multivariate analysis of variance, PERMANOVA),检验二甲戊灵浓度及传代次数对群落结构的影响。采用LEfSe分析鉴定不同浓度二甲戊灵胁迫下各分组群体间属水平显著差异的微生物标志物(LDA>4,P<0.05)。筛选细菌或真菌门水平之间的Spearman相关系数P值>0.001或|r|<0.60,并且具有相对丰度>0.01%的ASV (真菌相对丰度>0.001%)用于网络构建。使用Gephi平台进行微生物相互作用的可视化。采用PICRUSt2预测微生物群落功能,并根据最新的KEGG数据库信息预测菌落的功能组成。
2 结果与分析
2.1 土壤样品理化性质和富集菌群对二甲戊灵的降解
棉田土壤的理化性质如
Items | Results |
---|---|
pH | 6.3±0.1 |
SOM (g/kg) | 11.2±2.9 |
AN (g/kg) | 0.8±0.1 |
TK (mg/kg) | 229.0±16.7 |
TP (mg/kg) | 26.9±1.0 |
Results are presented as the mean±SD (n=3).
在30 ℃、160 r/min避光培养条件下,富集液对除草剂二甲戊灵的降解表现出显著变化。H1组(H组P1时期)在二甲戊灵终浓度12 mg/L的条件下降解率为13.4%,L1组(L组P1时期)在二甲戊灵终浓度1.2 mg/L的条件下降解率为33.5% (

图1 富集传代过程中除草剂二甲戊灵降解率。A:L组富集传代过程中各时期二甲戊灵降解率;B:H组富集传代过程中各时期二甲戊灵降解率。不同小字母表示组间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。
Figure 1 Degradation rate of herbicide pendimethalin during enrichment and culture. A: Pendimethalin degradation rate of L group in each period during enrichment and culture; B: Pendimethalin degradation rate in each period of enrichment and culture in group H. Different small letters indicate significant differences at P<0.05.
2.2 除草剂胁迫下微生物α多样性的演替
采用Shannon指数和Chao1指数来反映微生物α多样性对不同浓度二甲戊灵胁迫的响应。ANOVA分析结果表明,二甲戊灵浓度的差异导致微生物群落α多样性发生显著变化(图


图2 二甲戊灵胁迫下微生物α多样性演替。A:培养过程中不同浓度二甲戊灵胁迫下细菌群落群落α多样性演替;B:培养过程中不同浓度二甲戊灵胁迫下真菌群落群落α多样性演替,其中Chao1指数表示群落丰富度,Shannon指数表示群落多样性;C:细菌群落α多样性在不同培养阶段的差异;D:真菌群落α多样性在不同培养阶段的差异。不同小字母表示组间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。
Figure 2 Microbial alpha diversity succession under pendimethalin stress. A: Succession of bacterial community alpha diversity under different concentrations of pendimethalin stress during cultivation; B: Succession of fungal community alpha diversity under different concentrations of pendimethalin stress during cultivation, community diversity is indicated by the Shannon index and community richness is indicated by the Chao1 index; C: Differences in bacterial community alpha diversity at different cultivation stages; D: Differences in fungal community alpha diversity at different cultivation stages. Different small letters indicate significant differences at P< 0.05.
2.3 微生物群落结构对二甲戊灵胁迫的响应
2.3.1 不同浓度二甲戊灵胁迫对微生物群落结构的影响
基于微生物群落的Bray-Curtis距离对不同浓度二甲戊灵胁迫下传代过程中的所有样本进行PCoA分析。结果表明,不同浓度的二甲戊灵显著改变了微生物群落结构(P=0.001),微生物群落根据不同二甲戊灵浓度(0、1.2和12 mg/L)明显分开。PERMANOVA分析显示,不同浓度二甲戊灵胁迫,无论是细菌群落(

图3 培养过程中所有分组基于Bray-Curtis距离的PCoA分析。A:细菌培养过程中不同浓度二甲戊灵胁迫下群落结构的演替;B:不同培养时期所有分组细菌群落结构的演替;C:真菌培养过程中不同浓度二甲戊灵胁迫下群落结构的演替;D:不同培养时期所有分组真菌群落结构的演替。
Figure 3 PCoA analysis based on Bray-Curtis distance was performed for all groups during the incubation. A: The succession of community structure under different concentrations of pendimethalin stress during bacterial culture; B: Succession of bacterial community structure in all groups at different culture periods; C: Succession of community structure under different concentrations of pendimethalin stress during fungal culture; D: Succession of fungal community structure in all groups at different culture periods.
2.3.2 微生物群落结构随富集传代时间的变化
连续传代培养显著改变了微生物群落结构。PCoA分析表明,无论是细菌群落还是真菌群落,不同培养阶段的样本间存在明显差异。其中,P3和P4时期的样本聚集在一起,表明这2个时期样本间的微生物群落较为相似,而与P1时期的样本距离最远,说明随着富集传代的进行微生物群落组成发生了显著变化(P=0.001)。使用PERMANOVA分析不同培养阶段样品之间的差异(图
2.3.3 富集传代过程中微生物群落物种组成的变化
富集培养初期(P1),所有分组(N、L、H)细菌的优势门(相对丰度>5.0%)包括假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)(


图4 富集传代过程中微生物群落门水平和属水平物种相对丰度(显示值为3个平行的均值)以及优势菌群在培养过程中的演替。A:细菌门水平(前20)相对丰度;B:细菌属水平(前20)相对丰度;C:真菌门水平相对丰度;D:真菌属水平(前20)相对丰度:E:细菌优势门相对丰度变化;F:细菌优势属相对丰度变化;G:真菌优势门相对丰度变化;H:细菌优势属相对丰度变化。
Figure 4 The relative abundances of microbial taxa at the phylum and genus levels were quantified during enrichment subculturing (the display value was three parallel mean values), and the successional dynamics of dominant microbial taxa across cultivation stages. A: The relative abundance of the top 20 bacterial phyla; B: The relative abundance of the top 20 dominating bacterial genera; C: Fungal phyla relative abundance; D: The relative abundance of the top 20 fungal genera; E: Temporal shifts in dominant bacterial phyla; F: Temporal shifts in dominant bacterial genera; G: Temporal shifts in dominant fungal phyla; H: Temporal shifts in dominant bacterial genera across subculture stages.
经富集传代培养,细菌群落和真菌群落优势的物种发生了显著变化。到了P4期,N组细菌群落的优势门前3为Pseudomonadota、放线菌门(Actinomycetota)和Bacteroidota;L组的优势门未发生变化;H组的优势门为Pseudomonadota、Actinomycetota和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)。N组细菌群落的优势属前3变为红球菌属(Rhodococcus)、微杆菌属(Microbacterium)和生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium)。L组的优势属前3包括Achromobacter、甲基红杆菌属(Methylorubrum)和Candidatus_Nucleicultrix;H组的优势属前3包括Achromobacter、Hyphomicrobium和肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)。在真菌群落中,N组富集的优势属为Fusarium和Starmerella;L组的优势属变为Fusarium和副顶孢霉属(Paracremonium);H组的优势属变为Fusarium、盘状菌属(Talaromyces)和木霉属(Trichoderma)。
2.3.4 二甲戊灵胁迫下传代过程中特定微生物类群的响应
采用LEfSe分析评估不同浓度二甲戊灵胁迫下各组样品中的特征类群(


图5 使用LEfSe分析分析(LDA>4,P<0.05)鉴定不同浓度二甲戊灵胁迫下各分组群体间属水平显著差异微生物标志物。A:细菌属水平差异物种LDA得分;B:真菌属水平差异物种LDA得分;C:差异物种在细菌属水平上的丰度变化;D:真菌属水平上差异物种丰度的变化。星号表示差异显著,*:P<0.05;**:P<0.01;***:P<0.001。
Figure 5 Under varying concentrations of pendimethalin stress, microbial markers with significant differences in genus levels among groups were identified using LEfSe analysis (LDA>4, P<0.05). A: LDA score of different species at bacterial genus level; B: LDA score of different species at fungal genus level; C: Abundance changes of different species at the bacterial genus level; D: Changes in the abundance of different species at the fungal genus level. The asterisk indicates a significant difference, *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001
2.4 细菌群落在不同浓度二甲戊灵胁迫下的功能预测
微生物群落结构的改变可能会进一步诱导整个群落代谢功能的变化。使用PICRUSt2来预测所有分组细菌群落的功能。PCoA结果显示,二甲戊灵胁迫下细菌群落功能与其群落β多样性结果相似(


图6 细菌群落在不同浓度二甲戊灵胁迫下的功能预测。A:基于Bray-Curtis距离,不同浓度二甲戊灵胁迫下各分组细菌群落功能的PCoA分析;B:富集培养过程中各时期细菌群落功能基于Bray-Curtis距离的PCoA分析;C:P1时期受二甲戊灵胁迫影响的降解途径的热图;D:P4时期受二甲戊灵胁迫影响的降解途径的热图。
Figure 6 The function of bacterial community under different concentrations of pendimethalin stress. A: Based on the Bray-Curtis distance, PCoA analysis of the function of bacterial community in each group under different concentrations of pendimethalin stress; B: PCoA analysis of bacterial community function at different culture periods of enrichment culture based on Bray-Curtis distance; C: The heat map of the degradation pathway affected by pendimethalin stress in the P1; D: The heat map of the degradation pathway affected by pendimethalin stress in the P4.
2.5 微生物群落共发生网络分析
利用微生物共发生网络来表征二甲戊灵胁迫下富集传代过程中细菌、真菌群落内及群落间的模式信息和相互作用。根据微生物功能预测结果,将4个富集培养时期分为培养前期(P1、P2)和培养后期(P3、P4),构建12个网络(

图7 基于相关性分析的细菌群落和真菌群落富集前期(P1、P2)的共现网络。A:细菌各分组的网络图。B:真菌各分组的网络图。N代表网络节点,L代表网络链接。节点根据不同门水平进行着色,每个节点的大小与节点度成正比。连接的颜色表示节点之间的交互。
Figure 7 The co-occurrence network of bacterial community and fungal community in the early stage of enrichment (P1, P2) based on correlation analysis. A: The network diagram of each group of bacteria; B: The network diagram of each group of fungi. N represents the network node, L represents the network link. Nodes are colored according to different gate levels, and the size of each node is proportional to the node degree. The color of the connection represents the interaction between nodes.

图8 基于相关性分析的细菌群落和真菌群落富集后期(P3、P4)的共现网络。A:细菌各分组的网络图。B:真菌各分组的网络图。N代表网络节点,L代表网络链接。节点根据不同门水平进行着色,每个节点的大小与节点度成正比。连接的颜色表示节点之间的交互。
Figure 8 The co-occurrence network of bacterial community and fungal community in the late stage of enrichment (P3, P4) based on correlation analysis. A: The network diagram of each group of bacteria; B: The network diagram of each group of fungi. N represents the network node, L represents the network link. Nodes are colored according to different phylum level, and the size of each node is proportional to the node degree. The color of the connection represents the interaction between nodes.
Network | Groups | Nodes | Edges | Degree | Modularity | Density |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacteria | N1-N2 | 826 | 2 862 | 6.930 | 0.942 | 0.008 |
L1-L2 | 536 | 2 919 | 10.892 | 0.892 | 0.020 | |
H1-H2 | 240 | 1 907 | 15.892 | 0.645 | 0.006 | |
N3-N4 | 153 | 143 | 1.869 | 0.757 | 0.012 | |
L3-L4 | 152 | 162 | 2.132 | 0.912 | 0.014 | |
H3-H4 | 79 | 19 | 0.481 | 0.848 | 0.006 | |
Fungi | N1-N2 | 72 | 46 | 1.278 | 0.811 | 0.018 |
L1-L2 | 69 | 13 | 0.377 | 0.888 | 0.006 | |
H1-H2 | 71 | 31 | 0.873 | 0.855 | 0.012 | |
N3-N4 | 33 | 6 | 0.364 | 0.667 | 0.011 | |
L3-L4 | 36 | 11 | 0.611 | 0.661 | 0.017 | |
H3-H4 | 33 | 1 | 0.061 | 0.000 | 0.002 |
Filter ASVs (amplicon sequence variants) with a Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ)>0.6 and a P<0.001 at the phylum level between bacteria or fungi, and with a relative abundance>0.01% (for fungi, relative abundance>0.001%) for network construction.
到了富集培养后期,细菌网络中N组与L组的节点数和边数接近,H组的节点数和边数明显低于N组与L组。N、H组网络模块化程度低于L组。富集后期,L组具有高节点度的关键类群为假黄节杆菌属(Pseudoflavitalea)、Achromobacter、unclassified_Alcaligenaceae、unclassified_Paracaedibacteraceae、假节杆菌属(Pseudarthrobacter);H组各个类群的节点度都比较低,节点度较高的关键类群有Methylorubrum、Pseudoflavitalea、别样棒菌属(Allobaculum)、Achromobacter、Enterobacter。富集后期,二甲戊灵胁迫对真菌群落相互作用的影响并不显著,但与前期相比,所有分组的节点数和边数都明显降低(
2.6 富集阶段优势属与二甲戊灵降解率相关性分析
选择属水平相对丰度前20的优势属与二甲戊灵降解进行相关性分析(

图9 富集阶段优势属与二甲戊灵降解相关性分析
Figure 9 Correlation analysis between dominant genera and pendimethalin degradation during the enrichment phase. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01.
3 讨论
3.1 二甲戊灵胁迫对细菌群落的影响
与未添加组相比,二甲戊灵的添加降低了细菌群落的α多样性,可能是由于对二甲戊灵敏感的细菌类群受到抑制,导致其数量减少甚至消失。在以往关于四环素(tetracycline, TC)降解菌群富集的研究中也有类似的情况发
3.2 二甲戊灵胁迫对真菌群落的影响
二甲戊灵胁迫对真菌α多样性的影响不如对细菌显著。在大多数培养阶段,未添加二甲戊灵组的α多样性高于添加组,说明二甲戊灵胁迫抑制了部分不耐受的真菌类群。在整个培养阶段Ascomycota始终占据绝对优势地位,所有分组中Fusarium的相对丰度均超过50.0%。在H组代表性真菌标志物中,Talaromyces和Trichoderma在富集初期的相对丰度几乎为0,但其相对丰度随二甲戊灵浓度的提高而显著升高。这些真菌类群在先前报道中已被证明具有污染物降解能
3.3 二甲戊灵胁迫下微生物群落功能预测
除草剂胁迫下微生物群落组成发生变化,而群落组成的变化可能会进一步改变整个群落的代谢功能。采用高通量测序技术并结合PICRUSt2功能预测,结果显示不同处理组间细菌群落功能差异显著(P=0.001)。L组样本的离散程度较大,细菌群落功能变异度较高,功能冗余增加。P1与P2时期细菌群落功能更为接近,而P3与P4时期细菌群落功能更为接近。在富集培养前期(P1、P2),与外源污染物降解相关的代谢通路在L组和H组显著上调。例如,苯甲酸盐、氟苯甲酸盐、苯乙烯、乙苯、二甲苯等物质的降解通路在P1、P2时期H组中显著上调,而这些物质所包含的甲基、苯环等官能团与二甲戊灵相似,这些物质降解过程中所发生的反应可能与二甲戊灵降解过程相似。到了富集培养后期(P3、P4),外源物质降解相关的代谢通路在N组明显上调,值得注意的是,N组不具备二甲戊灵作为富集体系的碳源和氮源。整个体系在P3、P4时期呈现出外源营养物质缺乏的状态,但与物质降解相关的代谢通路丰度却明显上调。Wang
3.4 二甲戊灵胁迫降低了微生物共发生网络的稳定性
外源污染物胁迫会对微生物群落造成一定程度的影
3.5 微生物与二甲戊灵降解率相关性分析
经过富集传代培养,最终得到了2个具有二甲戊灵降解能力的微生物群落L4和H4。L组降解率较高可能是由于微生物多样性较高、物种网络更为复杂,物种间相互交流更密切,从而提高了整体的降解效率。此外,L组采用田间推荐剂量富集,环境压力小于H组,群落整体代谢更为稳定。高浓度除草剂可能会产生底物抑制效应,从而降低微生物污染物降解酶的活性,导致群落降解能力下降。优势属与二甲戊灵降解的相关性分析结果显示,在不同二甲戊灵胁迫下,富集到的与二甲戊灵降解相关的类群存在一定差异。低浓度组中,Methylorubrum、Hyphomicrobium、Microbacterium、Rhodopseudomonas和Fusarium与二甲戊灵的降解呈正相关;高浓度组中,Hyphomicrobium、Leifsonia、Rhodopseudomonas、Talaromyces和Trichoderma与二甲戊灵降解呈正相关。这些类群大多为广谱降解菌株,具有多种污染物的降解能力。值得注意的是,Hyphomicrobium和Rhodopseudomonas为两组共有的微生物类群,不受二甲戊灵浓度的扰动,始终与二甲戊灵降解呈显著正相关。这些类群可能具有更强的环境适应能力,在竞争中能迅速占据优势地位,或者与其他微生物类群的相互交流更密切,在群落中占据主导地位。在不同浓度二甲戊灵胁迫下,降解微生物类群组成差异较大,这种差异可能是由于不同微生物类群对二甲戊灵的耐受程度不同所导致的。
4 结论
通过不同浓度二甲戊灵胁迫富集得到了2个具有二甲戊灵降解能力的天然微生物群落。高通量数据分析结果显示:(1) 二甲戊灵胁迫降低了微生物群落多样性,显著改变了微生物群落结构与功能;(2) 富集传代也是改变微生物群落的重要驱动力。不同浓度二甲戊灵对微生物群落产生的选择压力不同。在低浓度处理下,微生物菌群表现出代谢多功能性和更强的环境适应性;而在高浓度二甲戊灵胁迫下,耐受微生物占据主导地位,其余微生物生态位减小,逐渐被淘汰,微生物群落简化,只有高效降解类群被富集。在未添加二甲戊灵的条件下,微生物之间资源竞争加剧,仅保留一些能够耐受极端环境或自养型类群。总之,不同浓度二甲戊灵胁迫导致微生物群落结构改变的原因有所差异。随着富集传代次数的增加,微生物群落经历了一系列演替。在传代过程中,一些微生物类群逐渐适应了环境条件,这些优势类群在群落中占据大部分生态位,其他类群逐渐减少甚至消失,微生物群落逐渐简化,功能冗余减少。二甲戊灵浓度不同以及富集传代次数增加共同导致了微生物群落结构的变化。二甲戊灵降解菌群富集过程不仅是目标微生物定向富集的过程,同时也是物种淘汰的过程。无降解能力或不耐受二甲戊灵的微生物类群在培养过程中逐渐被筛选掉。高浓度除草剂富集最终得到了可降解二甲戊灵的微生物群落,但群落结构简单,稳定性差。低浓度二甲戊灵胁迫下,最终得到的微生物群落可在11 d内完全降解1.2 mg/L的二甲戊灵,且群落多样性丰富,模块化程度高,网络结构复杂,功能更稳定。通过探究二甲戊灵降解菌群富集过程中微生物群落的演替,初步确定了二甲戊灵降解菌群富集过程中的关键微生物。总的来说,本研究揭示了除草剂降解菌群富集过程中微生物群落的演替规律,为二甲戊灵高效微生物降解菌株资源的筛选和合理利用提供了理论依据。
作者贡献声明
焦思雨:研究构思和设计、数据收集和处理、论文撰写和修改;马青云:数据收集和处理、图表设计和排版;孔德龙:协助实验操作与讨论;周义清:协助实验操作;江旭:文献查阅整理与格式校对;张伟:文献查阅整理与格式校对;罗晓霞:样品采集、全文指导与修改;阮志勇:对论文进行整体的指导和修改。
利益冲突
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
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