Staphylococcus aureus is considered as one of the most common foodborne pathogens causing infectious diseases in human and animals results in skin, soft tissue, and blood the infections, leading to sepsis and toxic shock syndrome. The overuse of antibiotics improves antibiotic resistance of S. aureus, leading to the emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which has spread globally and seriously threatens the public health. Therefore, it is an urgent need to search for new therapies to effectively control S. aureus infection. This review focuses on the research progress in the prevention and treatment of S. aureus and makes an outlook on the controlling prospects, to provide theoretical guidance for the control of Staphylococcus aureus, especially MRSA.

Biofilm (BF), a self-protective structure formed by bacteria and other microorganisms to resist external stress, is tolerant to antibacterial agents and could cause refractory chronic infections. BF dispersion refers to the process in which the cells in BF actively escape, resume the planktonic lifestyle, and find new colonization sites during the formation cycle of BF. Since bacteria in the planktonic state are more vulnerable to antimicrobial agents and immune responses, inducing BF dispersion has become a promising strategy for controlling biofilm-associated infections (BAI). We summarize the regulatory mechanisms and signaling molecules of BF dispersion, generalize a table of substances that could affect BF dispersion, and briefly expound potential hazards after BF dispersion and the directions of future research in this field. By this review, we sincerely hope to provide theoretical reference for the development of new dispersants and drug targets.

The gastrointestinal tract is one of the most metabolically active organs and the largest reservoir of bacteria in the human body. The human gastrointestinal tract contains rich microbiota, which has a complex relationship with the host health. The gut microbiota is in a dynamic equilibrium, the disturbance of which can cause gastrointestinal diseases such as constipation, diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal cancer. In recent years, there have been increasing studies on postbiotics. The protective effect of postbiotics on intestinal barrier is similar or even superior to that of probiotics. We reviewed the studies of postbiotics in animal experiments and clinical studies in alleviating gastrointestinal diseases and summarized the role and mechanisms of postbiotics in enhancing the epithelial barrier and regulating the immune system, gut microbiota, and nervous system.

Lysophospholipids (LPLs), lipid metabolism intermediates in the cell membrane, are mainly generated by the hydrolysis of phospholipid molecules. LPLs differ significantly from their precursor phospholipids in the biological functions. In eukaryotic cells, LPLs are bioactive molecules involved in the regulation of multiple biological signals. However, the roles of LPLs in bacteria have not been fully revealed. LPLs are a secondary component in bacterial cell membrane and can be significantly increased under environmental stress conditions. In addition to participating in the phospholipid metabolism in the cell membrane, LPLs are considered to play a role in the environmental adaptability and pathogenicity of bacteria. LPLs accumulated in the cell membrane can improve the survival and proliferation efficiency of bacteria under environmental stress or act as signaling molecules in the pathogenic processes of bacteria. Recent studies suggest LPLs as a potential novel virulence factor of bacteria. We review the current knowledge about the biosynthetic pathways of LPLs and the roles of LPLs in bacterial adaptation and host-bacterium interaction, providing references for the further research on bacterial pathogenesis and prevention of bacterial infections.