重金属污染水环境的微生物修复技术

Microbial remediation of heavy metal-polluted water

摘要:

水环境的重金属污染已成为全球环境问题，威胁着水生生态系统和人类健康。传统的物理和化学方法虽然可以有效地去除重金属污染物，但成本高、操作复杂、易造成二次污染，限制了其应用。生物修复是消除多种有毒污染物的有效方法。细菌、真菌、微藻等微生物能将有毒重金属转化为毒性较小的形式，已成为水环境重金属污染修复中有效且环保的解决方案。本文综述了重金属污染的毒性和作用机制、微生物修复机理以及主要的微生物修复策略，为去除或减少水域环境的金属污染物以及进行相关工艺开发提供了参考。

关键词:重金属;水污染;微生物修复;基因工程;联合修复

Abstract:

Heavy metal pollution in water has become a global environmental problem, threatening aquatic ecosystems and human health. Physical and chemical methods can effectively remove heavy metal pollutants, while their applications are limited due to the high costs, complex operation, and susceptibility to secondary pollution. Bioremediation is the most promising method for eliminating toxic pollutants. Microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, and algae can convert toxic heavy metals into less toxic forms, which has become an effective and environmentally friendly solution for the remediation of heavy metal pollution in water environments. This paper expounds the toxicity and mechanism of heavy metal pollution, microbial remediation mechanisms, and primary microbial remediation strategies, providing a reference for the removal or reduction of metal pollutants in water environments as well as the development of related technologies.

Key words:heavy metal;water pollution;microbial remediation;genetic engineering;combined remediation